Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction

In four studies, participants judged satisfaction with hypothetical salaries, given the salaries of others doing the same work. Unlike previous research, contexts (distributions of others’ salaries) were manipulated within- rather than between-subjects. These studies enabled tests of an extension of...

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Main Authors: Michael H. Birnbaum, Julien Rouvere
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-01-01
Series:Judgment and Decision Making
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Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525000063/type/journal_article
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author Michael H. Birnbaum
Julien Rouvere
author_facet Michael H. Birnbaum
Julien Rouvere
author_sort Michael H. Birnbaum
collection DOAJ
description In four studies, participants judged satisfaction with hypothetical salaries, given the salaries of others doing the same work. Unlike previous research, contexts (distributions of others’ salaries) were manipulated within- rather than between-subjects. These studies enabled tests of an extension of range–frequency (RF) theory that assumes that judgments are a compromise between RF predictions based on between- and within-trial contexts. This extension to within-subjects designs correctly predicted the cases in which people assign higher satisfaction ratings to lower salaries. The manipulation of the context within-subjects confirmed phenomena previously observed in between-subjects research. However, a violation of this within-subjects RF model was also observed: When one’s salary is lowest compared to others within the same firm, satisfaction varies inversely with the highest salary paid to another at the same firm. Apparently, judgments of satisfaction also depend on inequity. This finding was not observed in previous between-subjects research; indeed, salary and inequity are perfectly confounded for the participant in such a design. We theorize that satisfaction is not merely a judgment of where one’s salary falls relative to other salaries, but also depends on how much one is underpaid relative to the distribution of underpayments. A revision of the within-subjects RF model (incorporating the distribution of inequities) gave a good description of judgments of salary satisfaction and of the likelihood to accept a job offer.
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spelling doaj-art-e2e49b0d86124d4a905865f4a28af4fc2025-08-20T02:18:42ZengCambridge University PressJudgment and Decision Making1930-29752025-01-012010.1017/jdm.2025.6Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfactionMichael H. Birnbaum0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2584-2007Julien Rouvere1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9468-564XPsychology, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USADepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USAIn four studies, participants judged satisfaction with hypothetical salaries, given the salaries of others doing the same work. Unlike previous research, contexts (distributions of others’ salaries) were manipulated within- rather than between-subjects. These studies enabled tests of an extension of range–frequency (RF) theory that assumes that judgments are a compromise between RF predictions based on between- and within-trial contexts. This extension to within-subjects designs correctly predicted the cases in which people assign higher satisfaction ratings to lower salaries. The manipulation of the context within-subjects confirmed phenomena previously observed in between-subjects research. However, a violation of this within-subjects RF model was also observed: When one’s salary is lowest compared to others within the same firm, satisfaction varies inversely with the highest salary paid to another at the same firm. Apparently, judgments of satisfaction also depend on inequity. This finding was not observed in previous between-subjects research; indeed, salary and inequity are perfectly confounded for the participant in such a design. We theorize that satisfaction is not merely a judgment of where one’s salary falls relative to other salaries, but also depends on how much one is underpaid relative to the distribution of underpayments. A revision of the within-subjects RF model (incorporating the distribution of inequities) gave a good description of judgments of salary satisfaction and of the likelihood to accept a job offer.https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525000063/type/journal_articlesalary satisfactionrange–frequency (RF) theorycontextual effectswithin- and between-subjects designsaccepting job offers
spellingShingle Michael H. Birnbaum
Julien Rouvere
Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
Judgment and Decision Making
salary satisfaction
range–frequency (RF) theory
contextual effects
within- and between-subjects designs
accepting job offers
title Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
title_full Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
title_fullStr Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
title_full_unstemmed Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
title_short Range-frequency models of within-subjects contextual effects: Salary satisfaction
title_sort range frequency models of within subjects contextual effects salary satisfaction
topic salary satisfaction
range–frequency (RF) theory
contextual effects
within- and between-subjects designs
accepting job offers
url https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1930297525000063/type/journal_article
work_keys_str_mv AT michaelhbirnbaum rangefrequencymodelsofwithinsubjectscontextualeffectssalarysatisfaction
AT julienrouvere rangefrequencymodelsofwithinsubjectscontextualeffectssalarysatisfaction