The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity
The essential oil (EO) obtained from the roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. (Caprifoliaceae), collected in the moorland region of Chimborazo Province, Ecuador, was analyzed for the first time. The chemical profile was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using GC-MS an...
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2025-03-01
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| author | Linda M. Flores Diego R. Vinueza Gianluca Gilardoni Antonio J. Mota Omar Malagón |
| author_facet | Linda M. Flores Diego R. Vinueza Gianluca Gilardoni Antonio J. Mota Omar Malagón |
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| description | The essential oil (EO) obtained from the roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. (Caprifoliaceae), collected in the moorland region of Chimborazo Province, Ecuador, was analyzed for the first time. The chemical profile was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively. With both detectors, two stationary phases of different polarities were used. A total of 56 compounds were identified, and the most abundant components (>3% on at least one column) were a mixture of cyclosativene and α-ylangene (4.5–4.4%), α-copaene (9.0–8.8%), decanoic acid (16.0–15.6%), β-chamigrene (3.2–3.1%), δ-cadinene (9.7–9.5%), dodecanoic acid (13.4–12.3%), and 7-<i>epi</i>-α-eudesmol (5.0–4.9%), on a non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively. Additionally, the enantioselective analysis showed (1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-(+)-α-pinene, (1<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>)-(–)-camphene, (1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-(−)-β-pinene, and (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>,6<i>S</i>,7<i>S</i>,8<i>S</i>)-(–)-α-copaene as enantiomerically pure compounds, whereas germacrene D exhibited both enantiomeric forms. The anti-inflammatory activity of <i>V. rigida</i> EO was comparable to that of aspirin, as indicated by the IC50 values, with no significant differences observed. |
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| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e2d2b49ffac741a0971527c81aee8fb82025-08-20T03:08:53ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472025-03-01147106210.3390/plants14071062The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological ActivityLinda M. Flores0Diego R. Vinueza1Gianluca Gilardoni2Antonio J. Mota3Omar Malagón4Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Panamericana Sur Km 1 ½, Riobamba 060155, EcuadorFacultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Panamericana Sur Km 1 ½, Riobamba 060155, EcuadorDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Paris s/n y Praga, Loja 110107, EcuadorDepartamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Fuentenueva, Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, SpainDepartamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), Calle Paris s/n y Praga, Loja 110107, EcuadorThe essential oil (EO) obtained from the roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. (Caprifoliaceae), collected in the moorland region of Chimborazo Province, Ecuador, was analyzed for the first time. The chemical profile was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID, respectively. With both detectors, two stationary phases of different polarities were used. A total of 56 compounds were identified, and the most abundant components (>3% on at least one column) were a mixture of cyclosativene and α-ylangene (4.5–4.4%), α-copaene (9.0–8.8%), decanoic acid (16.0–15.6%), β-chamigrene (3.2–3.1%), δ-cadinene (9.7–9.5%), dodecanoic acid (13.4–12.3%), and 7-<i>epi</i>-α-eudesmol (5.0–4.9%), on a non-polar and polar stationary phase, respectively. Additionally, the enantioselective analysis showed (1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-(+)-α-pinene, (1<i>R</i>,4<i>S</i>)-(–)-camphene, (1<i>S</i>,5<i>S</i>)-(−)-β-pinene, and (1<i>R</i>,2<i>S</i>,6<i>S</i>,7<i>S</i>,8<i>S</i>)-(–)-α-copaene as enantiomerically pure compounds, whereas germacrene D exhibited both enantiomeric forms. The anti-inflammatory activity of <i>V. rigida</i> EO was comparable to that of aspirin, as indicated by the IC50 values, with no significant differences observed.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/7/1062<i>Valeriana rigida</i>essential oilenantiomerschiral separationneutrophilsanti-inflammatory activity |
| spellingShingle | Linda M. Flores Diego R. Vinueza Gianluca Gilardoni Antonio J. Mota Omar Malagón The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity Plants <i>Valeriana rigida</i> essential oil enantiomers chiral separation neutrophils anti-inflammatory activity |
| title | The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity |
| title_full | The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity |
| title_fullStr | The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity |
| title_short | The Essential Oil from the Roots of <i>Valeriana rigida</i> Ruiz & Pav. Growing in the Paramos of Chimborazo (Ecuador): Chemical Analysis, Enantioselective Profile, and Preliminary Biological Activity |
| title_sort | essential oil from the roots of i valeriana rigida i ruiz pav growing in the paramos of chimborazo ecuador chemical analysis enantioselective profile and preliminary biological activity |
| topic | <i>Valeriana rigida</i> essential oil enantiomers chiral separation neutrophils anti-inflammatory activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/14/7/1062 |
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