Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution

Abstract Machine learning has shown great potential in predicting soil properties, but individual models are often prone to overfitting, limiting their generalization. Ensemble models address this challenge by combining the strengths of multiple algorithms. This study applies a voting-based ensemble...

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Main Authors: Xiangyuan Wu, Kening Wu, Shiheng Hao, Er Yu, Jinghui Zhao, Yan Li
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10608-8
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author Xiangyuan Wu
Kening Wu
Shiheng Hao
Er Yu
Jinghui Zhao
Yan Li
author_facet Xiangyuan Wu
Kening Wu
Shiheng Hao
Er Yu
Jinghui Zhao
Yan Li
author_sort Xiangyuan Wu
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Machine learning has shown great potential in predicting soil properties, but individual models are often prone to overfitting, limiting their generalization. Ensemble models address this challenge by combining the strengths of multiple algorithms. This study applies a voting-based ensemble model (VEM), integrating Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost (XGB), to gain a deeper understanding of soil type evolution, which is crucial for land management and soil conservation. The research, conducted in the Tongzhou District of Beijing, uses 5,000 sampling points selected via genetic algorithms for model training, 237 surface samples for consistency testing, and 97 profiles for field validation. The VEM demonstrates high accuracy and robustness, producing a detailed soil type map and identifying key trends in soil type evolution. This study highlights the effectiveness of ensemble models in understanding soil evolution and offers valuable insights into soil system dynamics.
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institution DOAJ
issn 2045-2322
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publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher Nature Portfolio
record_format Article
series Scientific Reports
spelling doaj-art-e2cdcb01df0949afa2417a9f21dae9202025-08-20T03:05:26ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111310.1038/s41598-025-10608-8Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolutionXiangyuan Wu0Kening Wu1Shiheng Hao2Er Yu3Jinghui Zhao4Yan Li5School of Public Affairs, Institute of Land Science and Property, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Land Science and Technology, China University of GeosciencesSchool of Land Science and Technology, China University of GeosciencesSchool of Public Affairs, Institute of Land Science and Property, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Public Affairs, Institute of Land Science and Property, Zhejiang UniversitySchool of Public Affairs, Institute of Land Science and Property, Zhejiang UniversityAbstract Machine learning has shown great potential in predicting soil properties, but individual models are often prone to overfitting, limiting their generalization. Ensemble models address this challenge by combining the strengths of multiple algorithms. This study applies a voting-based ensemble model (VEM), integrating Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and XGBoost (XGB), to gain a deeper understanding of soil type evolution, which is crucial for land management and soil conservation. The research, conducted in the Tongzhou District of Beijing, uses 5,000 sampling points selected via genetic algorithms for model training, 237 surface samples for consistency testing, and 97 profiles for field validation. The VEM demonstrates high accuracy and robustness, producing a detailed soil type map and identifying key trends in soil type evolution. This study highlights the effectiveness of ensemble models in understanding soil evolution and offers valuable insights into soil system dynamics.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10608-8Soil evolutionVoting-based ensemble modelMachine learning algorithmsSoil type prediction
spellingShingle Xiangyuan Wu
Kening Wu
Shiheng Hao
Er Yu
Jinghui Zhao
Yan Li
Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
Scientific Reports
Soil evolution
Voting-based ensemble model
Machine learning algorithms
Soil type prediction
title Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
title_full Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
title_fullStr Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
title_full_unstemmed Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
title_short Machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
title_sort machine learning ensemble technique for exploring soil type evolution
topic Soil evolution
Voting-based ensemble model
Machine learning algorithms
Soil type prediction
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10608-8
work_keys_str_mv AT xiangyuanwu machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution
AT keningwu machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution
AT shihenghao machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution
AT eryu machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution
AT jinghuizhao machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution
AT yanli machinelearningensembletechniqueforexploringsoiltypeevolution