Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration
In contemporary operational environments, decision-making is increasingly shaped by the interaction between intuitive, fast-acting System 1 processes and slow, analytical System 2 reasoning. Human intelligence (HI) navigates fluidly between these cognitive modes, enabling adaptive responses to both...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-12-01
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| Series: | Sustainable Futures |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825007166 |
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| author | Xinyue Hao Emrah Demir Daniel Eyers |
| author_facet | Xinyue Hao Emrah Demir Daniel Eyers |
| author_sort | Xinyue Hao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In contemporary operational environments, decision-making is increasingly shaped by the interaction between intuitive, fast-acting System 1 processes and slow, analytical System 2 reasoning. Human intelligence (HI) navigates fluidly between these cognitive modes, enabling adaptive responses to both structured and ambiguous situations. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved to support tasks typically associated with System 2 reasoning, such as optimization, forecasting, and rule-based analysis, with speed and precision that in certain structured contexts can exceed human capabilities. To investigate how AI and HI collaborate in practice, we conducted 28 in-depth interviews across 9 leading firms recognized as benchmarks in AI adoption within operations and supply chain management (OSCM). These interviews targeted key HI agents, operations managers, data scientists, and algorithm engineers, and were situated within carefully selected, AI-rich scenarios. Using a sensemaking framework and cognitive mapping methodology, we explored how HI interpret and interact with AI across pre-development, deployment, and post-development phases. Our findings reveal that collaboration is a dynamic and co-constitutive process of institutional co-production, structured by epistemic asymmetry, symbolic accountability, and infrastructural interdependence. While AI contributes speed, scale, and pattern recognition in routine, structured environments, human actors provide ethical oversight, contextual judgment, and strategic interpretation, particularly vital in uncertain or ethically charged contexts. Moving beyond static models such as “human-in-the-loop” or “AI-assistance,” this study offers a novel framework that conceptualizes AI and HI collaboration as a sociotechnical system. Theoretically, it bridges fragmented literatures in AI, cognitive science, and institutional theory. Practically, it offers actionable insights for designing collaborative infrastructures that are both ethically aligned and organizationally resilient. As AI ecosystems grow more complex and decentralized, our findings highlight the need for reflexive governance mechanisms to support adaptive, interpretable, and accountable human–machine decision-making. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e2804288abf64590b1a02075c3c308e3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2666-1888 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-12-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sustainable Futures |
| spelling | doaj-art-e2804288abf64590b1a02075c3c308e32025-08-20T04:02:50ZengElsevierSustainable Futures2666-18882025-12-011010115210.1016/j.sftr.2025.101152Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaborationXinyue Hao0Emrah Demir1Daniel Eyers2Corresponding author.; Business & Economics Artificial Intelligence Research Network, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, United KingdomBusiness & Economics Artificial Intelligence Research Network, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, United KingdomBusiness & Economics Artificial Intelligence Research Network, Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, United KingdomIn contemporary operational environments, decision-making is increasingly shaped by the interaction between intuitive, fast-acting System 1 processes and slow, analytical System 2 reasoning. Human intelligence (HI) navigates fluidly between these cognitive modes, enabling adaptive responses to both structured and ambiguous situations. In parallel, artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly evolved to support tasks typically associated with System 2 reasoning, such as optimization, forecasting, and rule-based analysis, with speed and precision that in certain structured contexts can exceed human capabilities. To investigate how AI and HI collaborate in practice, we conducted 28 in-depth interviews across 9 leading firms recognized as benchmarks in AI adoption within operations and supply chain management (OSCM). These interviews targeted key HI agents, operations managers, data scientists, and algorithm engineers, and were situated within carefully selected, AI-rich scenarios. Using a sensemaking framework and cognitive mapping methodology, we explored how HI interpret and interact with AI across pre-development, deployment, and post-development phases. Our findings reveal that collaboration is a dynamic and co-constitutive process of institutional co-production, structured by epistemic asymmetry, symbolic accountability, and infrastructural interdependence. While AI contributes speed, scale, and pattern recognition in routine, structured environments, human actors provide ethical oversight, contextual judgment, and strategic interpretation, particularly vital in uncertain or ethically charged contexts. Moving beyond static models such as “human-in-the-loop” or “AI-assistance,” this study offers a novel framework that conceptualizes AI and HI collaboration as a sociotechnical system. Theoretically, it bridges fragmented literatures in AI, cognitive science, and institutional theory. Practically, it offers actionable insights for designing collaborative infrastructures that are both ethically aligned and organizationally resilient. As AI ecosystems grow more complex and decentralized, our findings highlight the need for reflexive governance mechanisms to support adaptive, interpretable, and accountable human–machine decision-making.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825007166AI-human collaborationDecision-makingOperations and supply chain management (OSCM)Sociotechnical systemsCognitive mapping |
| spellingShingle | Xinyue Hao Emrah Demir Daniel Eyers Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration Sustainable Futures AI-human collaboration Decision-making Operations and supply chain management (OSCM) Sociotechnical systems Cognitive mapping |
| title | Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| title_full | Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| title_fullStr | Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| title_full_unstemmed | Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| title_short | Beyond human-in-the-loop: Sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| title_sort | beyond human in the loop sensemaking between artificial intelligence and human intelligence collaboration |
| topic | AI-human collaboration Decision-making Operations and supply chain management (OSCM) Sociotechnical systems Cognitive mapping |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188825007166 |
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