Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress

The stereoselective effects of difenoconazole-alcohol on soil organisms have not been extensively studied. This research investigates the accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress induced by difenoconazole-alcohol and its enantiomers in earthworms at exposure levels of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. T...

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Main Authors: Huizhen Wu, Jiyang Zhuang, Siyi Chai, Yujia Guo, Guangyi Xu, Likun Wang, Jun Xia, Zhexiong Jin, Mingrong Qian
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325007778
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author Huizhen Wu
Jiyang Zhuang
Siyi Chai
Yujia Guo
Guangyi Xu
Likun Wang
Jun Xia
Zhexiong Jin
Mingrong Qian
author_facet Huizhen Wu
Jiyang Zhuang
Siyi Chai
Yujia Guo
Guangyi Xu
Likun Wang
Jun Xia
Zhexiong Jin
Mingrong Qian
author_sort Huizhen Wu
collection DOAJ
description The stereoselective effects of difenoconazole-alcohol on soil organisms have not been extensively studied. This research investigates the accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress induced by difenoconazole-alcohol and its enantiomers in earthworms at exposure levels of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. Transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses were also performed to elucidate the differential toxicity effects of the two enantiomers on earthworms. The results indicate that no significant differences were observed in the accumulation and degradation of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms. However, biochemical markers associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SOD, CAT, GST, MDA, and 8-OHdG, exhibited significant stereoselectivity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that exposure to difenoconazole-alcohol disrupted the expression of genes involved in glutathione metabolism, peroxisomal processes, and oxidative phosphorylation in earthworms. Moreover, the S-(-)-difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomer demonstrated a stronger effect than the R-(+)-enantiomer. Untargeted metabolomics analysis further uncovered differences between the two enantiomers in glutathione, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Collectively, these findings suggest that chiral difenoconazole-alcohol exerts stereoselective ecological effects on earthworms, with the toxicity order being S-(-)-difenoconazole-alcohol > Rac-difenoconazole-alcohol > R-(+)-difenoconazole-alcohol.
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spelling doaj-art-e25e045adab54909b6623edd5d6bd6082025-08-20T03:45:28ZengElsevierEcotoxicology and Environmental Safety0147-65132025-07-0130011843710.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118437Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stressHuizhen Wu0Jiyang Zhuang1Siyi Chai2Yujia Guo3Guangyi Xu4Likun Wang5Jun Xia6Zhexiong Jin7Mingrong Qian8College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaCollege of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; Key Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, ChinaCollege of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaCollege of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaCollege of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, ChinaKey Laboratory of Pollution Exposure and Health Intervention of Zhejiang Province, Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; Corresponding author.The stereoselective effects of difenoconazole-alcohol on soil organisms have not been extensively studied. This research investigates the accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress induced by difenoconazole-alcohol and its enantiomers in earthworms at exposure levels of 0.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg. Transcriptomic and metabolomics analyses were also performed to elucidate the differential toxicity effects of the two enantiomers on earthworms. The results indicate that no significant differences were observed in the accumulation and degradation of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms. However, biochemical markers associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SOD, CAT, GST, MDA, and 8-OHdG, exhibited significant stereoselectivity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that exposure to difenoconazole-alcohol disrupted the expression of genes involved in glutathione metabolism, peroxisomal processes, and oxidative phosphorylation in earthworms. Moreover, the S-(-)-difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomer demonstrated a stronger effect than the R-(+)-enantiomer. Untargeted metabolomics analysis further uncovered differences between the two enantiomers in glutathione, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. Collectively, these findings suggest that chiral difenoconazole-alcohol exerts stereoselective ecological effects on earthworms, with the toxicity order being S-(-)-difenoconazole-alcohol > Rac-difenoconazole-alcohol > R-(+)-difenoconazole-alcohol.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325007778Chiral pesticidesDifenoconazole-alcoholOxidative stressTranscriptomics and metabolomicsStereoselective toxicity
spellingShingle Huizhen Wu
Jiyang Zhuang
Siyi Chai
Yujia Guo
Guangyi Xu
Likun Wang
Jun Xia
Zhexiong Jin
Mingrong Qian
Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Chiral pesticides
Difenoconazole-alcohol
Oxidative stress
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
Stereoselective toxicity
title Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
title_full Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
title_fullStr Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
title_full_unstemmed Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
title_short Stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole-alcohol enantiomers in earthworms: Accumulation, degradation, and oxidative stress
title_sort stereoselective toxicity and metabolic impacts of difenoconazole alcohol enantiomers in earthworms accumulation degradation and oxidative stress
topic Chiral pesticides
Difenoconazole-alcohol
Oxidative stress
Transcriptomics and metabolomics
Stereoselective toxicity
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651325007778
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