Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis
This study explored the oxygen-sensing mechanism of CeO<sub>2</sub> modified with TiO<sub>2</sub> via high-energy ball milling at different speeds. Different characterization techniques were employed to investigate the obtained materials. Quantitative surface analysis by X-ra...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Inorganics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/13/5/159 |
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| author | Jelena N. Stevanović Ana G. Silva Nenad Bundaleski Dana Vasiljević-Radović Milija Sarajlić Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro Srđan P. Petrović |
| author_facet | Jelena N. Stevanović Ana G. Silva Nenad Bundaleski Dana Vasiljević-Radović Milija Sarajlić Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro Srđan P. Petrović |
| author_sort | Jelena N. Stevanović |
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| description | This study explored the oxygen-sensing mechanism of CeO<sub>2</sub> modified with TiO<sub>2</sub> via high-energy ball milling at different speeds. Different characterization techniques were employed to investigate the obtained materials. Quantitative surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted to elucidate their sensitivity mechanisms and assess the impact of the introduction of TiO<sub>2</sub>. A comparable concentration of oxygen vacancies was found in the samples milled at 350 and 450 rpm. Electrical measurements conducted at temperatures lower than required for semiconductor gas sensors revealed the higher sensitivity of these two samples in comparison to pure CeO<sub>2</sub> at an oxygen concentration above 10%. In contrast, the samples derived from precursors milled at the highest speed exhibited the lowest sensitivity. This may be linked to a slight decrease in the vacancy concentration and the presence of a differentially charged carbon-containing phase. Eventually, the C 1s line provided significant insight into the surface characteristics of the materials. The uniform and non-uniform charging found for pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and CeO<sub>2</sub>, respectively, along with the high charging of CeO<sub>2</sub>, suggest that TiO<sub>2</sub> promotes the contact between the sensing layer and the overlayer. Sensor testing showed the significantly lower resistance of mixed oxides in comparison to CeO<sub>2</sub>, which increases the utility of metal oxide-based sensors. |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e2550a7e524d46a98cf82bc59e9e5c222025-08-20T01:56:31ZengMDPI AGInorganics2304-67402025-05-0113515910.3390/inorganics13050159Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS AnalysisJelena N. Stevanović0Ana G. Silva1Nenad Bundaleski2Dana Vasiljević-Radović3Milija Sarajlić4Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro5Srđan P. Petrović6Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaCeFiTec, Nova School of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalCeFiTec, Nova School of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalInstitute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaInstitute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaCeFiTec, Nova School of Science and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, PortugalInstitute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, SerbiaThis study explored the oxygen-sensing mechanism of CeO<sub>2</sub> modified with TiO<sub>2</sub> via high-energy ball milling at different speeds. Different characterization techniques were employed to investigate the obtained materials. Quantitative surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was conducted to elucidate their sensitivity mechanisms and assess the impact of the introduction of TiO<sub>2</sub>. A comparable concentration of oxygen vacancies was found in the samples milled at 350 and 450 rpm. Electrical measurements conducted at temperatures lower than required for semiconductor gas sensors revealed the higher sensitivity of these two samples in comparison to pure CeO<sub>2</sub> at an oxygen concentration above 10%. In contrast, the samples derived from precursors milled at the highest speed exhibited the lowest sensitivity. This may be linked to a slight decrease in the vacancy concentration and the presence of a differentially charged carbon-containing phase. Eventually, the C 1s line provided significant insight into the surface characteristics of the materials. The uniform and non-uniform charging found for pure TiO<sub>2</sub> and CeO<sub>2</sub>, respectively, along with the high charging of CeO<sub>2</sub>, suggest that TiO<sub>2</sub> promotes the contact between the sensing layer and the overlayer. Sensor testing showed the significantly lower resistance of mixed oxides in comparison to CeO<sub>2</sub>, which increases the utility of metal oxide-based sensors.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/13/5/159mixed oxideshigh-energy ball millingoxygen sensingmaterials characterization |
| spellingShingle | Jelena N. Stevanović Ana G. Silva Nenad Bundaleski Dana Vasiljević-Radović Milija Sarajlić Orlando M. N. D. Teodoro Srđan P. Petrović Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis Inorganics mixed oxides high-energy ball milling oxygen sensing materials characterization |
| title | Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis |
| title_full | Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis |
| title_short | Insight into the Oxygen-Sensing Mechanisms of TiO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> Mixed Oxides Treated in a High-Energy Ball Mill: An XPS Analysis |
| title_sort | insight into the oxygen sensing mechanisms of tio sub 2 sub ceo sub 2 sub mixed oxides treated in a high energy ball mill an xps analysis |
| topic | mixed oxides high-energy ball milling oxygen sensing materials characterization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6740/13/5/159 |
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