Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults

This study aimed to assess the effect of real-time vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) biofeedback on sagittal plane hip and knee joint biomechanics and extensor muscle activities in older adults. Fifteen healthy older adults (71 ± 5.8 years) walked on a treadmill while instructed to increase thei...

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Main Authors: Forouzan Foroughi, Soroosh Sadeh, Hao-Yuan Hsiao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/2945
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author Forouzan Foroughi
Soroosh Sadeh
Hao-Yuan Hsiao
author_facet Forouzan Foroughi
Soroosh Sadeh
Hao-Yuan Hsiao
author_sort Forouzan Foroughi
collection DOAJ
description This study aimed to assess the effect of real-time vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) biofeedback on sagittal plane hip and knee joint biomechanics and extensor muscle activities in older adults. Fifteen healthy older adults (71 ± 5.8 years) walked on a treadmill while instructed to increase their first peak of VGRF via biofeedback. Whole-body kinetic and kinematic data and electromyography data for the vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus muscles were recorded. A one-way repeated measure ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis was conducted. Results showed increases in peak VGRF (20.95%), knee extension torque (73.7%), knee flexion angle (53.8%), and vastus lateralis muscle activity (72.1%) during the loading response, with percentage changes calculated as the mean of acquisition and recall trials relative to baseline walking. In contrast, no significant effect on peak hip extension torque and hip flexion angle over time was observed. These findings suggest that biofeedback can induce greater vertical support forces production with increased knee extension torque and extensor muscle activity. In addition, older adults adopted higher vertical support without increasing hip joint torque, potentially aiding in mitigating age-related distal-to-proximal joint torque redistribution. These findings suggest that VGRF biofeedback could potentially be an effective intervention to enhance knee extensor activation and mobility in older adults without increasing hip load.
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spelling doaj-art-e2511cfed9b74c0b9393ff8dee124b682025-08-20T02:11:15ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-03-01156294510.3390/app15062945Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older AdultsForouzan Foroughi0Soroosh Sadeh1Hao-Yuan Hsiao2Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USADepartment of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, USAThis study aimed to assess the effect of real-time vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) biofeedback on sagittal plane hip and knee joint biomechanics and extensor muscle activities in older adults. Fifteen healthy older adults (71 ± 5.8 years) walked on a treadmill while instructed to increase their first peak of VGRF via biofeedback. Whole-body kinetic and kinematic data and electromyography data for the vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus muscles were recorded. A one-way repeated measure ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis was conducted. Results showed increases in peak VGRF (20.95%), knee extension torque (73.7%), knee flexion angle (53.8%), and vastus lateralis muscle activity (72.1%) during the loading response, with percentage changes calculated as the mean of acquisition and recall trials relative to baseline walking. In contrast, no significant effect on peak hip extension torque and hip flexion angle over time was observed. These findings suggest that biofeedback can induce greater vertical support forces production with increased knee extension torque and extensor muscle activity. In addition, older adults adopted higher vertical support without increasing hip joint torque, potentially aiding in mitigating age-related distal-to-proximal joint torque redistribution. These findings suggest that VGRF biofeedback could potentially be an effective intervention to enhance knee extensor activation and mobility in older adults without increasing hip load.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/2945vertical ground reaction forcebiofeedbackolder adultsknee torquehip torquemuscle activity
spellingShingle Forouzan Foroughi
Soroosh Sadeh
Hao-Yuan Hsiao
Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
Applied Sciences
vertical ground reaction force
biofeedback
older adults
knee torque
hip torque
muscle activity
title Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
title_full Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
title_fullStr Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
title_short Effect of Vertical Ground Reaction Force Biofeedback on Knee and Hip Neuromechanical Characteristics During Walking in Older Adults
title_sort effect of vertical ground reaction force biofeedback on knee and hip neuromechanical characteristics during walking in older adults
topic vertical ground reaction force
biofeedback
older adults
knee torque
hip torque
muscle activity
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/2945
work_keys_str_mv AT forouzanforoughi effectofverticalgroundreactionforcebiofeedbackonkneeandhipneuromechanicalcharacteristicsduringwalkinginolderadults
AT sorooshsadeh effectofverticalgroundreactionforcebiofeedbackonkneeandhipneuromechanicalcharacteristicsduringwalkinginolderadults
AT haoyuanhsiao effectofverticalgroundreactionforcebiofeedbackonkneeandhipneuromechanicalcharacteristicsduringwalkinginolderadults