Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave

Abstract Background Haulage truck drivers connect distant communities, posing potential disease introduction risks. However, interventions must balance public health protection, economic continuity, and individual rights. This study examines the role of haulage in disease introduction and onward spr...

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Main Authors: Adrian Muwonge, Paul R. Bessell, Mark Barend de Clare Bronsvoort, Ibrahim Mugerwa, Erisa Mwaka, Emmanuel Ssebaggala, Bryan Aidan Wee, Aggelos Kiayias, Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu, Moses Lutakome Joloba
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-04-01
Series:Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00387-w
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author Adrian Muwonge
Paul R. Bessell
Mark Barend de Clare Bronsvoort
Ibrahim Mugerwa
Erisa Mwaka
Emmanuel Ssebaggala
Bryan Aidan Wee
Aggelos Kiayias
Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu
Moses Lutakome Joloba
author_facet Adrian Muwonge
Paul R. Bessell
Mark Barend de Clare Bronsvoort
Ibrahim Mugerwa
Erisa Mwaka
Emmanuel Ssebaggala
Bryan Aidan Wee
Aggelos Kiayias
Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu
Moses Lutakome Joloba
author_sort Adrian Muwonge
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Haulage truck drivers connect distant communities, posing potential disease introduction risks. However, interventions must balance public health protection, economic continuity, and individual rights. This study examines the role of haulage in disease introduction and onward spread in Uganda during the Delta wave of COVID-19. Methods Using 625,422 national surveillance records, we fitted a susceptible-infectious-recovered model to assess whether haulage drivers were a “core-risk group.” Although they accounted for only 0.036% of COVID-19 cases, border districts associated with haulage registered 12.02% more cases than inland districts, suggesting a role in disease introduction. The risk varied by location, with Tororo experiencing a higher burden than Amuru and Kyotera, which border South Sudan and Tanzania, respectively. Mandatory COVID-19 testing and result waiting at the Malaba border crossing increased disease risk in Tororo by up to 6%. While haulage-targeted interventions reduced cases in border districts, they had minimal impact on inland districts, indicating a limited role in onward spread. Our findings also suggest that integrating haulage-specific measures with vaccination would further reduce case-load. Conclusions Our findings suggest that truck drivers were a transient core risk group with limited impact on onward spread. However, uncertainties remain regarding the extent of their role, and interventions like testing and result waiting at border crossings may have inadvertently heightened risk. Pandemic preparedness strategies should carefully assess risks in key sectors like supply chains to balance public safety with individual rights.
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spelling doaj-art-e24cf79c617b45acb5674f80bbe903902025-08-20T02:25:36ZengSpringerJournal of Epidemiology and Global Health2210-60142025-04-0115111410.1007/s44197-025-00387-wAssessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta WaveAdrian Muwonge0Paul R. Bessell1Mark Barend de Clare Bronsvoort2Ibrahim Mugerwa3Erisa Mwaka4Emmanuel Ssebaggala5Bryan Aidan Wee6Aggelos Kiayias7Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu8Moses Lutakome Joloba9Digital One Health Laboratory, The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of EdinburghIndependent ConsultantDivision of Epidemiology, The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of EdinburghMinistry of HealthIndependent ConsultantBodastage SolutionsDigital One Health Laboratory, The Roslin Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of EdinburghBlockchain Technology Laboratory, School of Informatics, University of EdinburghCollege of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere UniversitySchool of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere UniversityAbstract Background Haulage truck drivers connect distant communities, posing potential disease introduction risks. However, interventions must balance public health protection, economic continuity, and individual rights. This study examines the role of haulage in disease introduction and onward spread in Uganda during the Delta wave of COVID-19. Methods Using 625,422 national surveillance records, we fitted a susceptible-infectious-recovered model to assess whether haulage drivers were a “core-risk group.” Although they accounted for only 0.036% of COVID-19 cases, border districts associated with haulage registered 12.02% more cases than inland districts, suggesting a role in disease introduction. The risk varied by location, with Tororo experiencing a higher burden than Amuru and Kyotera, which border South Sudan and Tanzania, respectively. Mandatory COVID-19 testing and result waiting at the Malaba border crossing increased disease risk in Tororo by up to 6%. While haulage-targeted interventions reduced cases in border districts, they had minimal impact on inland districts, indicating a limited role in onward spread. Our findings also suggest that integrating haulage-specific measures with vaccination would further reduce case-load. Conclusions Our findings suggest that truck drivers were a transient core risk group with limited impact on onward spread. However, uncertainties remain regarding the extent of their role, and interventions like testing and result waiting at border crossings may have inadvertently heightened risk. Pandemic preparedness strategies should carefully assess risks in key sectors like supply chains to balance public safety with individual rights.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00387-wCore risk groupHaulageCOVID-19Mathematical modelsPandemic interventionPreparedness
spellingShingle Adrian Muwonge
Paul R. Bessell
Mark Barend de Clare Bronsvoort
Ibrahim Mugerwa
Erisa Mwaka
Emmanuel Ssebaggala
Bryan Aidan Wee
Aggelos Kiayias
Christine Mbabazi Mpyangu
Moses Lutakome Joloba
Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health
Core risk group
Haulage
COVID-19
Mathematical models
Pandemic intervention
Preparedness
title Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
title_full Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
title_fullStr Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
title_full_unstemmed Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
title_short Assessing the Impact of Haulage Drivers in Uganda's COVID-19 Delta Wave
title_sort assessing the impact of haulage drivers in uganda s covid 19 delta wave
topic Core risk group
Haulage
COVID-19
Mathematical models
Pandemic intervention
Preparedness
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44197-025-00387-w
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