Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash
Soap is essentially used for various purposes. Therefore, it is important to determine the physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of soaps to evaluate their quality. The present research work focuses on 22 commercial soaps which include bar soaps (SN 1-SN 19) and liquid hand was...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Heliyon |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024176451 |
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| author | Jannatul Ferdous Nova Susmita Zaman Smrity Mahadi Hasan Md. Tariquzzaman Md Al Amin Hossain Md. Tanvirul Islam Md. Raysul Islam Selina Akter Md. Sifat Rahi Md. Tuhinur R. Joy Zannatul Kowser |
| author_facet | Jannatul Ferdous Nova Susmita Zaman Smrity Mahadi Hasan Md. Tariquzzaman Md Al Amin Hossain Md. Tanvirul Islam Md. Raysul Islam Selina Akter Md. Sifat Rahi Md. Tuhinur R. Joy Zannatul Kowser |
| author_sort | Jannatul Ferdous Nova |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soap is essentially used for various purposes. Therefore, it is important to determine the physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of soaps to evaluate their quality. The present research work focuses on 22 commercial soaps which include bar soaps (SN 1-SN 19) and liquid hand washes (SN 20-SN 22). The values of different parameters for commercial soaps are observed which are between 3.84–83.75 % for moisture content, 6.83–25.16 cm for foam height, 7.01–10.17 for pH, 62.47–91.39 % for total fatty matter, 0.20–1.17 % for total alkali content, zone of inhibition, 17.33–29.27 mm/100 % conc., antioxidant activity, 357.41–777.15 μg/mL. It is observed that all of the soaps have a foam height, and pH within the permitted limit (FH-above 1.5 cm, pH 7–10). All bar soap has a total fatty matter and a total alkali content within the accepted value. Moreover, 8 soaps show antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, which were further tested for rapid efficacy and antioxidant properties. A survey report of 22 commercial branded soaps was done on 50 people in Bangladesh to get feedback from customers. Combining all the parameters, SN 3 has good results among bar soaps with mild moisturizing and cleansing properties (MC-8.30 ± 0.035 %, FH-22.33 ± 0.29 cm), is safe for the skin (pH-9.83 ± 0.02, TAC-0.99 ± 0.03), has good TFM values (72.89 %), has proficient bacteria growth-inhibiting properties (ZI-18.67 ± 0.29 mm/100 % conc.) and has the ability to remove free radicals (357.41 ± 2.07 μg/mL). Besides, SN-21 among liquid hand wash soaps possesses overall excellence as it moisturizes skin well (MC-83.75 ± 0.05 %), is almost safe for skin (pH-7.73 ± 0.02, TAC-0.98 ± 0.01 %), has TFM (11.35 %), has good cleansing capacity (FH-22.66 ± 0.58 cm) and bacteria growth inhibiting activity (29.27 ± 0.25 mm/100 % conc.), destroys selected bacteria (MIC – 1.2 × 107 CFU at 1 min and 5.5 × 107 CFU at 10 seconds), and wash away free radicals from skin (420.64 ± 3.62 μg/mL). |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e231076e7f0c498fbbb5378307f470cc |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2405-8440 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Heliyon |
| spelling | doaj-art-e231076e7f0c498fbbb5378307f470cc2025-02-11T04:35:09ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402025-02-01114e41614Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand washJannatul Ferdous Nova0Susmita Zaman Smrity1Mahadi Hasan2Md. Tariquzzaman3Md Al Amin Hossain4Md. Tanvirul Islam5Md. Raysul Islam6Selina Akter7Md. Sifat Rahi8Md. Tuhinur R. Joy9Zannatul Kowser10Department of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore Universiry of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore Universiry of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore Universiry of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Microbiology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore Universiry of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, BangladeshDepartment of Chemistry, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh; Corresponding author.Soap is essentially used for various purposes. Therefore, it is important to determine the physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties of soaps to evaluate their quality. The present research work focuses on 22 commercial soaps which include bar soaps (SN 1-SN 19) and liquid hand washes (SN 20-SN 22). The values of different parameters for commercial soaps are observed which are between 3.84–83.75 % for moisture content, 6.83–25.16 cm for foam height, 7.01–10.17 for pH, 62.47–91.39 % for total fatty matter, 0.20–1.17 % for total alkali content, zone of inhibition, 17.33–29.27 mm/100 % conc., antioxidant activity, 357.41–777.15 μg/mL. It is observed that all of the soaps have a foam height, and pH within the permitted limit (FH-above 1.5 cm, pH 7–10). All bar soap has a total fatty matter and a total alkali content within the accepted value. Moreover, 8 soaps show antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, which were further tested for rapid efficacy and antioxidant properties. A survey report of 22 commercial branded soaps was done on 50 people in Bangladesh to get feedback from customers. Combining all the parameters, SN 3 has good results among bar soaps with mild moisturizing and cleansing properties (MC-8.30 ± 0.035 %, FH-22.33 ± 0.29 cm), is safe for the skin (pH-9.83 ± 0.02, TAC-0.99 ± 0.03), has good TFM values (72.89 %), has proficient bacteria growth-inhibiting properties (ZI-18.67 ± 0.29 mm/100 % conc.) and has the ability to remove free radicals (357.41 ± 2.07 μg/mL). Besides, SN-21 among liquid hand wash soaps possesses overall excellence as it moisturizes skin well (MC-83.75 ± 0.05 %), is almost safe for skin (pH-7.73 ± 0.02, TAC-0.98 ± 0.01 %), has TFM (11.35 %), has good cleansing capacity (FH-22.66 ± 0.58 cm) and bacteria growth inhibiting activity (29.27 ± 0.25 mm/100 % conc.), destroys selected bacteria (MIC – 1.2 × 107 CFU at 1 min and 5.5 × 107 CFU at 10 seconds), and wash away free radicals from skin (420.64 ± 3.62 μg/mL).http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024176451SaponificationPhysicochemical propertiesZone of inhibitionAntioxidant activity |
| spellingShingle | Jannatul Ferdous Nova Susmita Zaman Smrity Mahadi Hasan Md. Tariquzzaman Md Al Amin Hossain Md. Tanvirul Islam Md. Raysul Islam Selina Akter Md. Sifat Rahi Md. Tuhinur R. Joy Zannatul Kowser Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash Heliyon Saponification Physicochemical properties Zone of inhibition Antioxidant activity |
| title | Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| title_full | Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| title_short | Comprehensive evaluation of physico-chemical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps: A study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| title_sort | comprehensive evaluation of physico chemical antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in commercial soaps a study on bar soaps and liquid hand wash |
| topic | Saponification Physicochemical properties Zone of inhibition Antioxidant activity |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024176451 |
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