Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions

Satellite-based monitoring of atmospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH<sub>4</sub>) is essential for quantifying methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions, yet uncharacterized spatially varying biases in XCH<sub>4</sub> observations can cause misattribution...

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Main Authors: Sihong Zhu, Dongxu Yang, Liang Feng, Longfei Tian, Yi Liu, Junji Cao, Minqiang Zhou, Zhaonan Cai, Kai Wu, Paul I. Palmer
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-07-01
Series:Remote Sensing
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2321
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author Sihong Zhu
Dongxu Yang
Liang Feng
Longfei Tian
Yi Liu
Junji Cao
Minqiang Zhou
Zhaonan Cai
Kai Wu
Paul I. Palmer
author_facet Sihong Zhu
Dongxu Yang
Liang Feng
Longfei Tian
Yi Liu
Junji Cao
Minqiang Zhou
Zhaonan Cai
Kai Wu
Paul I. Palmer
author_sort Sihong Zhu
collection DOAJ
description Satellite-based monitoring of atmospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH<sub>4</sub>) is essential for quantifying methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions, yet uncharacterized spatially varying biases in XCH<sub>4</sub> observations can cause misattribution in flux estimates. This study assesses the potential of the upcoming TanSat-2 satellite mission to estimate China’s CH<sub>4</sub> emission using a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) based on an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) inversion framework coupled with GEOS-Chem on a 0.5° × 0.625° grid, alongside an evaluation of current TROPOMI-based products against Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) observations. Assuming a target precision of 8 ppb, TanSat-2 could achieve an annual national emission estimate accuracy of 2.9% ± 4.2%, reducing prior uncertainty by 84%, with regional deviations below 5.0% across Northeast, Central, East, and Southwest China. In contrast, limited coverage in South China due to persistent cloud cover leads to a 26.1% discrepancy—also evident in <i>pseudo</i> TROPOMI OSSEs—highlighting the need for complementary ground-based monitoring strategies. Sensitivity analyses show that satellite retrieval biases strongly affect inversion robustness, reducing the accuracy in China’s total emission estimates by 5.8% for every 1 ppb increase in bias level across scenarios, particularly in Northeast, Central and East China. We recommend expanding ground-based XCH<sub>4</sub> observations in these regions to support the correction of satellite-derived biases and improve the reliability of satellite-constrained inversion results.
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spelling doaj-art-e206a254f7ee42548f9dd8b4e2271c022025-08-20T02:36:27ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922025-07-011713232110.3390/rs17132321Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> EmissionsSihong Zhu0Dongxu Yang1Liang Feng2Longfei Tian3Yi Liu4Junji Cao5Minqiang Zhou6Zhaonan Cai7Kai Wu8Paul I. Palmer9Carbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaCarbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UKInnovation Academy for Microsatellites, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201306, ChinaCarbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, ChinaCarbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaCarbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaCarbon Neutrality Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ChinaSchool of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UKSatellite-based monitoring of atmospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (XCH<sub>4</sub>) is essential for quantifying methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emissions, yet uncharacterized spatially varying biases in XCH<sub>4</sub> observations can cause misattribution in flux estimates. This study assesses the potential of the upcoming TanSat-2 satellite mission to estimate China’s CH<sub>4</sub> emission using a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) based on an Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) inversion framework coupled with GEOS-Chem on a 0.5° × 0.625° grid, alongside an evaluation of current TROPOMI-based products against Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) observations. Assuming a target precision of 8 ppb, TanSat-2 could achieve an annual national emission estimate accuracy of 2.9% ± 4.2%, reducing prior uncertainty by 84%, with regional deviations below 5.0% across Northeast, Central, East, and Southwest China. In contrast, limited coverage in South China due to persistent cloud cover leads to a 26.1% discrepancy—also evident in <i>pseudo</i> TROPOMI OSSEs—highlighting the need for complementary ground-based monitoring strategies. Sensitivity analyses show that satellite retrieval biases strongly affect inversion robustness, reducing the accuracy in China’s total emission estimates by 5.8% for every 1 ppb increase in bias level across scenarios, particularly in Northeast, Central and East China. We recommend expanding ground-based XCH<sub>4</sub> observations in these regions to support the correction of satellite-derived biases and improve the reliability of satellite-constrained inversion results.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2321TanSat-2methane emission inversionOSSEs
spellingShingle Sihong Zhu
Dongxu Yang
Liang Feng
Longfei Tian
Yi Liu
Junji Cao
Minqiang Zhou
Zhaonan Cai
Kai Wu
Paul I. Palmer
Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
Remote Sensing
TanSat-2
methane emission inversion
OSSEs
title Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
title_full Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
title_fullStr Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
title_full_unstemmed Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
title_short Theoretical Potential of TanSat-2 to Quantify China’s CH<sub>4</sub> Emissions
title_sort theoretical potential of tansat 2 to quantify china s ch sub 4 sub emissions
topic TanSat-2
methane emission inversion
OSSEs
url https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/17/13/2321
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