Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images
Three-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D data...
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MDPI AG
2024-11-01
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| author | Yujia Xiao Bochun Mao Jianglong Nie Jiayi Liu Shuo Wang Dawei Liu Yanheng Zhou |
| author_facet | Yujia Xiao Bochun Mao Jianglong Nie Jiayi Liu Shuo Wang Dawei Liu Yanheng Zhou |
| author_sort | Yujia Xiao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Three-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D databases. A total of 23 participants (average age 20.70 ± 5.36 years) were enrolled. Based on the Hifi3D face model, 3D reconstructions were generated and compared with corresponding face scans to evaluate their accuracy. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated for the entire face, nine specific facial regions, and eight anatomical landmarks. Clinical feasibility was further assessed by comparing six angular and thirteen linear measurements between the reconstructed and scanned models. The RMSE of the reconstruction model was 2.00 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI: 1.84–2.17 mm). High accuracy was achieved for the forehead, nose, upper lip, paranasal region, and right cheek (mean RMSE < 2 mm). The forehead area showed the smallest deviation, at 1.52 ± 0.88 mm (95% CI: 1.14–1.90 mm). In contrast, the lower lip, chin, and left cheek exhibited average RMSEs exceeding 2 mm. The mean deviation across landmarks was below 2 mm, with the Prn displaying the smallest error at 1.18 ± 1.10 mm (95% CI: 0.71–1.65 mm). The largest discrepancies were observed along the Z-axis (Z > Y > X). Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) emerged between groups in the nasolabial, nasal, and nasofrontal angles, while the other 13 linear and 3 angular measurements showed no statistical differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05). This study explored the feasibility of reconstructing accurate 3D models from 2D photos. Compared to facial scan models, the Hifi3D face model demonstrated a 2 mm deviation, with potential for enriching 3D databases for subjective evaluations, patient education, and communication. However, caution is advised when applying this model to clinical measurements, especially angle assessments. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2306-5354 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Bioengineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-e1f5c12ea72341a6b29fb61c896f6f7f2025-08-20T02:57:12ZengMDPI AGBioengineering2306-53542024-11-011112117410.3390/bioengineering11121174Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional ImagesYujia Xiao0Bochun Mao1Jianglong Nie2Jiayi Liu3Shuo Wang4Dawei Liu5Yanheng Zhou6Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaSchool of Software and Microelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100091, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaDepartment of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, ChinaThree-dimensional (3D) facial models have been increasingly applied in orthodontics, orthognathic surgery, and various medical fields. This study proposed an approach to reconstructing 3D facial models from standard orthodontic frontal and lateral images, providing an efficient way to expand 3D databases. A total of 23 participants (average age 20.70 ± 5.36 years) were enrolled. Based on the Hifi3D face model, 3D reconstructions were generated and compared with corresponding face scans to evaluate their accuracy. Root mean square error (RMSE) values were calculated for the entire face, nine specific facial regions, and eight anatomical landmarks. Clinical feasibility was further assessed by comparing six angular and thirteen linear measurements between the reconstructed and scanned models. The RMSE of the reconstruction model was 2.00 ± 0.38 mm (95% CI: 1.84–2.17 mm). High accuracy was achieved for the forehead, nose, upper lip, paranasal region, and right cheek (mean RMSE < 2 mm). The forehead area showed the smallest deviation, at 1.52 ± 0.88 mm (95% CI: 1.14–1.90 mm). In contrast, the lower lip, chin, and left cheek exhibited average RMSEs exceeding 2 mm. The mean deviation across landmarks was below 2 mm, with the Prn displaying the smallest error at 1.18 ± 1.10 mm (95% CI: 0.71–1.65 mm). The largest discrepancies were observed along the Z-axis (Z > Y > X). Significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) emerged between groups in the nasolabial, nasal, and nasofrontal angles, while the other 13 linear and 3 angular measurements showed no statistical differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05). This study explored the feasibility of reconstructing accurate 3D models from 2D photos. Compared to facial scan models, the Hifi3D face model demonstrated a 2 mm deviation, with potential for enriching 3D databases for subjective evaluations, patient education, and communication. However, caution is advised when applying this model to clinical measurements, especially angle assessments.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/12/1174faceorthodonticsimagingthree dimensionalimage reconstruction |
| spellingShingle | Yujia Xiao Bochun Mao Jianglong Nie Jiayi Liu Shuo Wang Dawei Liu Yanheng Zhou Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images Bioengineering face orthodontics imaging three dimensional image reconstruction |
| title | Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images |
| title_full | Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images |
| title_fullStr | Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images |
| title_short | Accuracy Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Face Reconstruction Model Based on the Hifi3D Face Model and Clinical Two-Dimensional Images |
| title_sort | accuracy evaluation of a three dimensional face reconstruction model based on the hifi3d face model and clinical two dimensional images |
| topic | face orthodontics imaging three dimensional image reconstruction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/11/12/1174 |
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