<i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines
Background/Objectives: DNA vaccines are rapidly produced and adaptable to different pathogens, but they face considerable challenges regarding stability and delivery to the cellular target. Thus, effective delivery methods are essential for the success of these vaccines. Here, we evaluated the effic...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1428 |
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| author | Samara Sousa de Pinho Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva Larissa Silva de Macêdo Benigno Cristofer Flores Espinoza Lígia Rosa Sales Leal Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura Micaela Evellin dos Santos Silva Débora Vitória Santos de Souza Marina Linhares Lara Julia Nayane Soares Azevedo Alves Antonio Carlos de Freitas |
| author_facet | Samara Sousa de Pinho Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva Larissa Silva de Macêdo Benigno Cristofer Flores Espinoza Lígia Rosa Sales Leal Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura Micaela Evellin dos Santos Silva Débora Vitória Santos de Souza Marina Linhares Lara Julia Nayane Soares Azevedo Alves Antonio Carlos de Freitas |
| author_sort | Samara Sousa de Pinho |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background/Objectives: DNA vaccines are rapidly produced and adaptable to different pathogens, but they face considerable challenges regarding stability and delivery to the cellular target. Thus, effective delivery methods are essential for the success of these vaccines. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of capsules derived from the cell wall of the yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> as a delivery system for DNA vaccines. Methods: The capsules were extracted from the yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> strain GS115, previously grown in a YPD medium. pVAX1 expression vector was adopted to evaluate the DNA vaccine insertion and delivery. Three encapsulation protocols were tested to identify the most effective in internalizing the plasmid. The presence of plasmids inside the capsules was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, and the encapsulation efficiency was calculated by the difference between the initial concentration of DNA used for insertion and the concentration of unencapsulated DNA contained in the supernatant. The capsules were subjected to different temperatures to evaluate their thermostability and were co-cultured with macrophages for phagocytosis analysis. HEK-293T cells were adopted to assess the cytotoxicity levels by MTT assay. Results: The microscopy results indicated that the macrophages successfully phagocytosed the capsules. Among the protocols tested for encapsulation, the one with 2% polyethylenimine for internalization showed the highest efficiency, with an encapsulation rate above 80%. However, the vaccine capsules obtained with the protocol that used 5% NaCl showed better thermal stability and encapsulation efficiency above 63% without induction of cell viability loss in HEK 293T. Conclusions: We successfully described a vaccine delivery system using yeast capsules derived from <i>Pichia pastoris</i>, demonstrating its potential for DNA vaccine delivery for the first time. Additional studies will be needed to characterize and improve this delivery strategy. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e1f4872b43ee42f7b751352b4cb658cd |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-e1f4872b43ee42f7b751352b4cb658cd2025-08-20T02:56:58ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-011212142810.3390/vaccines12121428<i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA VaccinesSamara Sousa de Pinho0Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção1Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva2Larissa Silva de Macêdo3Benigno Cristofer Flores Espinoza4Lígia Rosa Sales Leal5Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama6Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura7Micaela Evellin dos Santos Silva8Débora Vitória Santos de Souza9Marina Linhares Lara10Julia Nayane Soares Azevedo Alves11Antonio Carlos de Freitas12Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, BrazilBackground/Objectives: DNA vaccines are rapidly produced and adaptable to different pathogens, but they face considerable challenges regarding stability and delivery to the cellular target. Thus, effective delivery methods are essential for the success of these vaccines. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of capsules derived from the cell wall of the yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> as a delivery system for DNA vaccines. Methods: The capsules were extracted from the yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> strain GS115, previously grown in a YPD medium. pVAX1 expression vector was adopted to evaluate the DNA vaccine insertion and delivery. Three encapsulation protocols were tested to identify the most effective in internalizing the plasmid. The presence of plasmids inside the capsules was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, and the encapsulation efficiency was calculated by the difference between the initial concentration of DNA used for insertion and the concentration of unencapsulated DNA contained in the supernatant. The capsules were subjected to different temperatures to evaluate their thermostability and were co-cultured with macrophages for phagocytosis analysis. HEK-293T cells were adopted to assess the cytotoxicity levels by MTT assay. Results: The microscopy results indicated that the macrophages successfully phagocytosed the capsules. Among the protocols tested for encapsulation, the one with 2% polyethylenimine for internalization showed the highest efficiency, with an encapsulation rate above 80%. However, the vaccine capsules obtained with the protocol that used 5% NaCl showed better thermal stability and encapsulation efficiency above 63% without induction of cell viability loss in HEK 293T. Conclusions: We successfully described a vaccine delivery system using yeast capsules derived from <i>Pichia pastoris</i>, demonstrating its potential for DNA vaccine delivery for the first time. Additional studies will be needed to characterize and improve this delivery strategy.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1428glucan particleyeast cell wallnucleic acids |
| spellingShingle | Samara Sousa de Pinho Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva Larissa Silva de Macêdo Benigno Cristofer Flores Espinoza Lígia Rosa Sales Leal Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura Micaela Evellin dos Santos Silva Débora Vitória Santos de Souza Marina Linhares Lara Julia Nayane Soares Azevedo Alves Antonio Carlos de Freitas <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines Vaccines glucan particle yeast cell wall nucleic acids |
| title | <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines |
| title_full | <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines |
| title_fullStr | <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines |
| title_short | <i>Pichia pastoris</i>-Derived β-Glucan Capsules as a Delivery System for DNA Vaccines |
| title_sort | i pichia pastoris i derived β glucan capsules as a delivery system for dna vaccines |
| topic | glucan particle yeast cell wall nucleic acids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/12/12/1428 |
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