Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications

Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass, mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is an abundant renewable resource in agricultural and forestry residues. In contrast to cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin remains underutilized due to its complex structure. In this study, a halophilic bacte...

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Main Authors: Tina Adelpour, Somayeh Mojtabavi, Zahra Mahmoudabadi-Arani, Maryam Bozorgi-Koshalshahi, Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99715-0
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author Tina Adelpour
Somayeh Mojtabavi
Zahra Mahmoudabadi-Arani
Maryam Bozorgi-Koshalshahi
Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
author_facet Tina Adelpour
Somayeh Mojtabavi
Zahra Mahmoudabadi-Arani
Maryam Bozorgi-Koshalshahi
Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
author_sort Tina Adelpour
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Lignocellulosic biomass, mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is an abundant renewable resource in agricultural and forestry residues. In contrast to cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin remains underutilized due to its complex structure. In this study, a halophilic bacterium, Virgibacillus salarius was isolated, and its laccase production was optimized for delignification. Using response surface methodology (RSM), a maximum laccase activity of 392.0 U L⁻¹ was achieved. This enzyme demonstrated high efficiency, reducing lignin content in garlic peel from 32.4 to 3.6% and increasing cellulose content from 42.1 to 44.1%. Additionally, the delignified biomass exhibited increased crystallinity and a porous surface, enhancing its suitability for further processing. The delignification process yielded valuable by-products, including 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (a food preservative and flavor enhancer) and aromatic compounds such as 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (homovanillin), which are widely used as flavoring agents. These findings emphasize the potential of V. salarius laccase in sustainable biomass conversion for industrial applications.
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spelling doaj-art-e1e5123b2901471797aab519582c61ab2025-08-20T03:53:13ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-05-0115111910.1038/s41598-025-99715-0Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applicationsTina Adelpour0Somayeh Mojtabavi1Zahra Mahmoudabadi-Arani2Maryam Bozorgi-Koshalshahi3Mohammad Ali Faramarzi4Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesAbstract Lignocellulosic biomass, mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, is an abundant renewable resource in agricultural and forestry residues. In contrast to cellulose and hemicellulose, lignin remains underutilized due to its complex structure. In this study, a halophilic bacterium, Virgibacillus salarius was isolated, and its laccase production was optimized for delignification. Using response surface methodology (RSM), a maximum laccase activity of 392.0 U L⁻¹ was achieved. This enzyme demonstrated high efficiency, reducing lignin content in garlic peel from 32.4 to 3.6% and increasing cellulose content from 42.1 to 44.1%. Additionally, the delignified biomass exhibited increased crystallinity and a porous surface, enhancing its suitability for further processing. The delignification process yielded valuable by-products, including 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (a food preservative and flavor enhancer) and aromatic compounds such as 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) and ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (homovanillin), which are widely used as flavoring agents. These findings emphasize the potential of V. salarius laccase in sustainable biomass conversion for industrial applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99715-0DelignificationGarlic PeelBio-wasteHalophilic laccaseVirgibacillus salaries
spellingShingle Tina Adelpour
Somayeh Mojtabavi
Zahra Mahmoudabadi-Arani
Maryam Bozorgi-Koshalshahi
Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
Scientific Reports
Delignification
Garlic Peel
Bio-waste
Halophilic laccase
Virgibacillus salaries
title Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
title_full Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
title_fullStr Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
title_full_unstemmed Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
title_short Green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
title_sort green valorization of garlic peel waste using halophilic laccase for efficient biomass delignification and biorefinery applications
topic Delignification
Garlic Peel
Bio-waste
Halophilic laccase
Virgibacillus salaries
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99715-0
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