Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study
Abstract Background Syringe services programs (SSPs) reduce the risk of overdose by distributing supplies like naloxone. SSPs also support clients in meeting their basic needs via referrals to organizations providing food, housing, and healthcare. This paper describes the Exploration of Novel Harm R...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Harm Reduction Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01212-0 |
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| author | Rachel E. Gicquelais Caitlin J. Conway Mikaela Becker Erika J. Bailey Cullen Bosworth Rebecca Miller Katy Mijal Emmie Curran Bianca Barredo Sydney Taylor Elizabeth Salisbury-Afshar David W. Seal Marguerite Burns Ryan P. Westergaard |
| author_facet | Rachel E. Gicquelais Caitlin J. Conway Mikaela Becker Erika J. Bailey Cullen Bosworth Rebecca Miller Katy Mijal Emmie Curran Bianca Barredo Sydney Taylor Elizabeth Salisbury-Afshar David W. Seal Marguerite Burns Ryan P. Westergaard |
| author_sort | Rachel E. Gicquelais |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Syringe services programs (SSPs) reduce the risk of overdose by distributing supplies like naloxone. SSPs also support clients in meeting their basic needs via referrals to organizations providing food, housing, and healthcare. This paper describes the Exploration of Novel Harm Reduction Approaches to Increase Client Engagement (ENHANCE) Project, a prospective cohort study developed in partnership with people who use drugs that aims to characterize the influence of longitudinal engagement in SSPs on overdose risk behaviors. Methods The ENHANCE Project protocol was developed with a community leadership team of 16 people with living experience of drug use who were clients from four SSPs in Wisconsin that serve as study recruitment sites. The community leadership team met five times to conceptualize the study priorities, protocol, recruitment strategies, and measures. ENHANCE will enroll 400 people who use opioids and/or stimulants via recruitment of clients from study sites and peer referrals. Clients will report on primary outcomes (overdose experiences and risk behaviors) and other covariates (substance use history and behaviors, mental and physical health, satisfaction of basic needs, stigma, and others) over a 2-year follow-up period. At enrollment, clients select a self-generated identification code that is documented in all subsequent harm reduction services received from ten SSPs in Wisconsin. These data will be linked to study survey data using probabilistic methods and used for the primary exposure variable, frequency of using SSP services. ENHANCE will test the primary hypothesis that more frequently using SSP services is associated with reduced overdose risk behavior frequency. Preliminary results: Among the first 125 clients enrolled, 22.4% (N = 28) reported personally experiencing an opioid overdose in the 6 months before enrollment and 38.4% (N = 48) experienced adverse effects after using stimulants. The most common overdose risk behaviors reported in the past 30 days were using opioids while alone (mean: 9.9 days [standard deviation: 10.7]) and injecting heroin (mean: 9.3 days [standard deviation: 12.8]). Conclusions This study will identify aspects of harm reduction services that are most effective in reducing overdose risk to inform future service provision, funding, and policy efforts. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e19cec43e5cd47a586443056f1380056 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1477-7517 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Harm Reduction Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-e19cec43e5cd47a586443056f13800562025-08-20T01:52:25ZengBMCHarm Reduction Journal1477-75172025-05-0122S111610.1186/s12954-025-01212-0Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort studyRachel E. Gicquelais0Caitlin J. Conway1Mikaela Becker2Erika J. Bailey3Cullen Bosworth4Rebecca Miller5Katy Mijal6Emmie Curran7Bianca Barredo8Sydney Taylor9Elizabeth Salisbury-Afshar10David W. Seal11Marguerite Burns12Ryan P. Westergaard13Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison School of NursingVivent HealthDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison School of NursingDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthVivent HealthDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthTulane University School of Public Health and Tropical MedicineDepartment of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthDepartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthAbstract Background Syringe services programs (SSPs) reduce the risk of overdose by distributing supplies like naloxone. SSPs also support clients in meeting their basic needs via referrals to organizations providing food, housing, and healthcare. This paper describes the Exploration of Novel Harm Reduction Approaches to Increase Client Engagement (ENHANCE) Project, a prospective cohort study developed in partnership with people who use drugs that aims to characterize the influence of longitudinal engagement in SSPs on overdose risk behaviors. Methods The ENHANCE Project protocol was developed with a community leadership team of 16 people with living experience of drug use who were clients from four SSPs in Wisconsin that serve as study recruitment sites. The community leadership team met five times to conceptualize the study priorities, protocol, recruitment strategies, and measures. ENHANCE will enroll 400 people who use opioids and/or stimulants via recruitment of clients from study sites and peer referrals. Clients will report on primary outcomes (overdose experiences and risk behaviors) and other covariates (substance use history and behaviors, mental and physical health, satisfaction of basic needs, stigma, and others) over a 2-year follow-up period. At enrollment, clients select a self-generated identification code that is documented in all subsequent harm reduction services received from ten SSPs in Wisconsin. These data will be linked to study survey data using probabilistic methods and used for the primary exposure variable, frequency of using SSP services. ENHANCE will test the primary hypothesis that more frequently using SSP services is associated with reduced overdose risk behavior frequency. Preliminary results: Among the first 125 clients enrolled, 22.4% (N = 28) reported personally experiencing an opioid overdose in the 6 months before enrollment and 38.4% (N = 48) experienced adverse effects after using stimulants. The most common overdose risk behaviors reported in the past 30 days were using opioids while alone (mean: 9.9 days [standard deviation: 10.7]) and injecting heroin (mean: 9.3 days [standard deviation: 12.8]). Conclusions This study will identify aspects of harm reduction services that are most effective in reducing overdose risk to inform future service provision, funding, and policy efforts.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01212-0OverdoseSubstance useStudy protocolProspective cohort studyCommunity-engaged research |
| spellingShingle | Rachel E. Gicquelais Caitlin J. Conway Mikaela Becker Erika J. Bailey Cullen Bosworth Rebecca Miller Katy Mijal Emmie Curran Bianca Barredo Sydney Taylor Elizabeth Salisbury-Afshar David W. Seal Marguerite Burns Ryan P. Westergaard Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study Harm Reduction Journal Overdose Substance use Study protocol Prospective cohort study Community-engaged research |
| title | Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| title_full | Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| title_fullStr | Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| title_short | Exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement (ENHANCE): protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| title_sort | exploration of novel harm reduction approaches to increase client engagement enhance protocol for a prospective cohort study |
| topic | Overdose Substance use Study protocol Prospective cohort study Community-engaged research |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-025-01212-0 |
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