Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications

The yield of the solar still has been increased using a variety of techniques. The condensing surface's temperature has consequently risen, this negatively impacts the speed of condensing. Numerous techniques have been investigated to cool the condensing surface, such as water cooling, air cool...

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Main Authors: Shaaban M. Shaaban, Ali Basem, Suha A. Mohammed, Wissam H. Alawee, Hasan Sh Majdi, A. Aldabesh, Z.M. Omara, M.M. Younes
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25004411
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author Shaaban M. Shaaban
Ali Basem
Suha A. Mohammed
Wissam H. Alawee
Hasan Sh Majdi
A. Aldabesh
Z.M. Omara
M.M. Younes
author_facet Shaaban M. Shaaban
Ali Basem
Suha A. Mohammed
Wissam H. Alawee
Hasan Sh Majdi
A. Aldabesh
Z.M. Omara
M.M. Younes
author_sort Shaaban M. Shaaban
collection DOAJ
description The yield of the solar still has been increased using a variety of techniques. The condensing surface's temperature has consequently risen, this negatively impacts the speed of condensing. Numerous techniques have been investigated to cool the condensing surface, such as water cooling, air cooling, adding phase-changing material (PCM), or an external condenser with a suction fan. Analysing previous investigations on cooling glass covers using an external condenser or PCM to ascertain which is more effective was the primary objective of this study. Also, this review aims to promote greater innovation in this field by highlighting promising directions for further investigation. The findings of the literature review indicate that cooling glass with a fan and condensing vapor in the feed water tank works better than cooling glass utilizing Nano PCM. Besides, the thermal efficiency ranges resulting from the addition of an external condenser or PCM are 42 %–72.4 % and 50.7 %–65 %, respectively. And the increases in solar still production when PCM or an external condenser is added range from 26 % to 44 % and 25 %–68 %, respectively. Where the lowest expenses per liter of freshwater generated by external condenser or PCM systems are 0.01 $ and 0.011 $, respectively. Consequently, as compared to PCM systems, solar still systems with an external condenser have higher output, better efficiency, and a lower cost per liter of freshwater.
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spelling doaj-art-e1902478458d4ad08d2e80be04f75d672025-08-20T02:04:37ZengElsevierCase Studies in Thermal Engineering2214-157X2025-07-017110618110.1016/j.csite.2025.106181Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modificationsShaaban M. Shaaban0Ali Basem1Suha A. Mohammed2Wissam H. Alawee3Hasan Sh Majdi4A. Aldabesh5Z.M. Omara6M.M. Younes7Center for Scientific Research and Entrepreneurship, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi ArabiaAir Conditioning Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, IraqEnergy and Renewable Energies Technology Research Center, University of Technology, IraqControl and Systems Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq; Corresponding author.Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University, Babylon, 51001, IraqDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Baha University, 65799, Al-Baha, Saudi ArabiaMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Pharos University in Alexandria, Canal El Mahmoudia Street, Beside Green Plaza Complex 21648, Alexandria, EgyptMechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Corresponding author.The yield of the solar still has been increased using a variety of techniques. The condensing surface's temperature has consequently risen, this negatively impacts the speed of condensing. Numerous techniques have been investigated to cool the condensing surface, such as water cooling, air cooling, adding phase-changing material (PCM), or an external condenser with a suction fan. Analysing previous investigations on cooling glass covers using an external condenser or PCM to ascertain which is more effective was the primary objective of this study. Also, this review aims to promote greater innovation in this field by highlighting promising directions for further investigation. The findings of the literature review indicate that cooling glass with a fan and condensing vapor in the feed water tank works better than cooling glass utilizing Nano PCM. Besides, the thermal efficiency ranges resulting from the addition of an external condenser or PCM are 42 %–72.4 % and 50.7 %–65 %, respectively. And the increases in solar still production when PCM or an external condenser is added range from 26 % to 44 % and 25 %–68 %, respectively. Where the lowest expenses per liter of freshwater generated by external condenser or PCM systems are 0.01 $ and 0.011 $, respectively. Consequently, as compared to PCM systems, solar still systems with an external condenser have higher output, better efficiency, and a lower cost per liter of freshwater.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25004411DesalinationSolar stillThermal efficiencyCostPhase change materialExternal condenser
spellingShingle Shaaban M. Shaaban
Ali Basem
Suha A. Mohammed
Wissam H. Alawee
Hasan Sh Majdi
A. Aldabesh
Z.M. Omara
M.M. Younes
Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
Desalination
Solar still
Thermal efficiency
Cost
Phase change material
External condenser
title Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
title_full Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
title_fullStr Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
title_full_unstemmed Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
title_short Effects of employing external condensers or phase-change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
title_sort effects of employing external condensers or phase change materials on the performance of different solar still systems with different modifications
topic Desalination
Solar still
Thermal efficiency
Cost
Phase change material
External condenser
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X25004411
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