Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy
Abstract Levels, composition, and sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) vary significantly along with the “Clean Heating” (CH) policy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, whereas the PAH characteristics with CH in small cities still remain unclear. A field observation was...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220162 |
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| author | Zhiyong Li Ziyuan Yue Jixiang Liu Zhen Zhai Jianwei Meng Lei Wang Jihong Wei Dingyuan Yang Ailian Hu Wenjia Zhu Ning Ding Xiaoxia Lu Chunhao Lin |
| author_facet | Zhiyong Li Ziyuan Yue Jixiang Liu Zhen Zhai Jianwei Meng Lei Wang Jihong Wei Dingyuan Yang Ailian Hu Wenjia Zhu Ning Ding Xiaoxia Lu Chunhao Lin |
| author_sort | Zhiyong Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Levels, composition, and sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) vary significantly along with the “Clean Heating” (CH) policy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, whereas the PAH characteristics with CH in small cities still remain unclear. A field observation was conducted in Baoding City, a small city within the BTH region, in winter of 2019 covering both the pre-heating season (PHS) and the heating season (HS). From the PHS to the HS, the mean concentrations for both PM2.5 and ∑18PAHs increased from 69.1 to 125.0 µg m–3 and from 8.09 to 26.2 ng m–3 due to the heating activities. The far lower PAHs in this study than those of small cities before CH implementation indicated the CH effectiveness. Higher diagnostic ratios (DRs) of FA/(FA + PY), BaA/(BaA + CHR), and IP/(IP + BgP) in the HS were in agreement with the increased coal/biomass usage. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) demonstrated that biomass/natural-gas burning (BNGB) contributed most to PAHs of 36.9% in the HS, the increased natural gas (NG) usage for heating should be responsible for this contribution due to the policies of biomass-burning prohibition and “Coal to Gas”. Coal combustion (CC) shares increased by 152% in the HS despite the “Coal Banning” project. Again, the medium-molecular-weight PAHs (MMW-PAHs) increased most by 400% in the HS, evidencing the increased impacts of fossil-fuel consumptions. As an indicator for carcinogenic risk, BaP increased from 0.937 in the PHS to 1.29 ng m–3 in the HS. Furthermore, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) and BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) increased in the HS. The mean ILCR values of 1.15 × 10–6 for adults in the HS exceeded the threshold of 1 × 10–6, while they were lower than 1 × 10–6 for children in both the PHS and the HS, and adults in the PHS due to the CH positive effects. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e16b3bf259fc457a88a37743deeb737b |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-e16b3bf259fc457a88a37743deeb737b2025-02-09T12:17:38ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092022-06-0122711310.4209/aaqr.220162Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” PolicyZhiyong Li0Ziyuan Yue1Jixiang Liu2Zhen Zhai3Jianwei Meng4Lei Wang5Jihong Wei6Dingyuan Yang7Ailian Hu8Wenjia Zhu9Ning Ding10Xiaoxia Lu11Chunhao Lin12Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Research Center for GeoanalysisHebei Research Center for GeoanalysisDepartment of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityHebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power UniversityAbstract Levels, composition, and sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) vary significantly along with the “Clean Heating” (CH) policy in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, whereas the PAH characteristics with CH in small cities still remain unclear. A field observation was conducted in Baoding City, a small city within the BTH region, in winter of 2019 covering both the pre-heating season (PHS) and the heating season (HS). From the PHS to the HS, the mean concentrations for both PM2.5 and ∑18PAHs increased from 69.1 to 125.0 µg m–3 and from 8.09 to 26.2 ng m–3 due to the heating activities. The far lower PAHs in this study than those of small cities before CH implementation indicated the CH effectiveness. Higher diagnostic ratios (DRs) of FA/(FA + PY), BaA/(BaA + CHR), and IP/(IP + BgP) in the HS were in agreement with the increased coal/biomass usage. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) demonstrated that biomass/natural-gas burning (BNGB) contributed most to PAHs of 36.9% in the HS, the increased natural gas (NG) usage for heating should be responsible for this contribution due to the policies of biomass-burning prohibition and “Coal to Gas”. Coal combustion (CC) shares increased by 152% in the HS despite the “Coal Banning” project. Again, the medium-molecular-weight PAHs (MMW-PAHs) increased most by 400% in the HS, evidencing the increased impacts of fossil-fuel consumptions. As an indicator for carcinogenic risk, BaP increased from 0.937 in the PHS to 1.29 ng m–3 in the HS. Furthermore, the incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCR) and BaP equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) increased in the HS. The mean ILCR values of 1.15 × 10–6 for adults in the HS exceeded the threshold of 1 × 10–6, while they were lower than 1 × 10–6 for children in both the PHS and the HS, and adults in the PHS due to the CH positive effects.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220162PM2.5PAHsSource apportionmentClean heatingHealth risk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Zhiyong Li Ziyuan Yue Jixiang Liu Zhen Zhai Jianwei Meng Lei Wang Jihong Wei Dingyuan Yang Ailian Hu Wenjia Zhu Ning Ding Xiaoxia Lu Chunhao Lin Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy Aerosol and Air Quality Research PM2.5 PAHs Source apportionment Clean heating Health risk assessment |
| title | Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy |
| title_full | Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy |
| title_fullStr | Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy |
| title_short | Sources and Health Risks of PM2.5-bound PAHs in a Small City along with the “Clean Heating” Policy |
| title_sort | sources and health risks of pm2 5 bound pahs in a small city along with the clean heating policy |
| topic | PM2.5 PAHs Source apportionment Clean heating Health risk assessment |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220162 |
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