Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates
Abstract This paper explores the interaction of 5G mmWave energy, specifically at frequencies above 24 GHz, with human tissues. It examines frequencies essential to 5G, including 24, 30, 35, 40, and 45 GHz, focusing on the skin, cornea, and enamel as candidates for investigation. The eye is particul...
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SpringerOpen
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Journal of Engineering and Applied Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00617-9 |
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| author | Sulaiman Adeniyi Adekola Kamoli Akinwale Amusa Godday Biowei |
| author_facet | Sulaiman Adeniyi Adekola Kamoli Akinwale Amusa Godday Biowei |
| author_sort | Sulaiman Adeniyi Adekola |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract This paper explores the interaction of 5G mmWave energy, specifically at frequencies above 24 GHz, with human tissues. It examines frequencies essential to 5G, including 24, 30, 35, 40, and 45 GHz, focusing on the skin, cornea, and enamel as candidates for investigation. The eye is particularly susceptible due to its surface location on the human body. Findings reveal that the penetration depth in the eye decreases from 7.331 µm at 24 GHz to 4.065 µm at 45 GHz, with the percentage of cornea tissue penetrated decreasing from 1.2 to 0.6% with frequencies. This result is unprecedented in existing literature. The results confirm that mmWaves do not penetrate beyond the cornea, emphasizing their surface-level effect on eye tissues. Another novel finding indicates that mmWaves attenuate entirely at the enamel, not affecting deeper dental structures, and significantly diminish at the skin’s epidermis without reaching the dermis, suggesting minimal penetration into deeper tissue layers. These discoveries introduce new, previously unreported data into the current research literature. Computational graphics for relative permittivity and conductivity versus frequency for the skin, cornea, and tooth enamel were generated. The resulting profiles are consistent with existing literature for other tissues, enhancing the reliability of the findings. Additionally, specific absorption rate values, computed using electric field measurements with an SMP2 meter at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz, comply with the US Federal Communication Commission's SAR specifications of 1.6 W/kg. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e13828e950b343cba0f814158f63624c |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1110-1903 2536-9512 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Engineering and Applied Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-e13828e950b343cba0f814158f63624c2025-08-20T02:55:27ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Engineering and Applied Science1110-19032536-95122025-04-0172112510.1186/s44147-025-00617-9Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidatesSulaiman Adeniyi Adekola0Kamoli Akinwale Amusa1Godday Biowei2Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niger Delta UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Federal University of AgricultureDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Niger Delta UniversityAbstract This paper explores the interaction of 5G mmWave energy, specifically at frequencies above 24 GHz, with human tissues. It examines frequencies essential to 5G, including 24, 30, 35, 40, and 45 GHz, focusing on the skin, cornea, and enamel as candidates for investigation. The eye is particularly susceptible due to its surface location on the human body. Findings reveal that the penetration depth in the eye decreases from 7.331 µm at 24 GHz to 4.065 µm at 45 GHz, with the percentage of cornea tissue penetrated decreasing from 1.2 to 0.6% with frequencies. This result is unprecedented in existing literature. The results confirm that mmWaves do not penetrate beyond the cornea, emphasizing their surface-level effect on eye tissues. Another novel finding indicates that mmWaves attenuate entirely at the enamel, not affecting deeper dental structures, and significantly diminish at the skin’s epidermis without reaching the dermis, suggesting minimal penetration into deeper tissue layers. These discoveries introduce new, previously unreported data into the current research literature. Computational graphics for relative permittivity and conductivity versus frequency for the skin, cornea, and tooth enamel were generated. The resulting profiles are consistent with existing literature for other tissues, enhancing the reliability of the findings. Additionally, specific absorption rate values, computed using electric field measurements with an SMP2 meter at 900, 1800, and 2100 MHz, comply with the US Federal Communication Commission's SAR specifications of 1.6 W/kg.https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00617-95G mmWaveHuman tissuePenetration depthDamping oscillationsCorneaEnamel |
| spellingShingle | Sulaiman Adeniyi Adekola Kamoli Akinwale Amusa Godday Biowei Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates Journal of Engineering and Applied Science 5G mmWave Human tissue Penetration depth Damping oscillations Cornea Enamel |
| title | Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates |
| title_full | Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates |
| title_fullStr | Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates |
| title_short | Impact of 5G mmWave radiation on human tissue using skin, cornea (eye) and enamel (tooth) as study candidates |
| title_sort | impact of 5g mmwave radiation on human tissue using skin cornea eye and enamel tooth as study candidates |
| topic | 5G mmWave Human tissue Penetration depth Damping oscillations Cornea Enamel |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-025-00617-9 |
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