Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis
Introduction The WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in young infants <2 months of age includes the identification and management of signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI). However, equal importance is given to all the PSBI signs, which signal the need for re...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-06-01
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| Online Access: | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/6/e097135.full |
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| author | Adejumoke Idowu Ayede Samir K Saha Saifuddin Ahmed Mohammad Shahidul Islam Gary L Darmstadt Fabian Esamai Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto Ebunoluwa A Adejuyigbe Yasir Bin Nisar Shamim Ahmad Qazi Vaishnavi Bhamidi Khusbu Adhikari Ivana Marić Robinson D Wammanda |
| author_facet | Adejumoke Idowu Ayede Samir K Saha Saifuddin Ahmed Mohammad Shahidul Islam Gary L Darmstadt Fabian Esamai Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto Ebunoluwa A Adejuyigbe Yasir Bin Nisar Shamim Ahmad Qazi Vaishnavi Bhamidi Khusbu Adhikari Ivana Marić Robinson D Wammanda |
| author_sort | Adejumoke Idowu Ayede |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction The WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in young infants <2 months of age includes the identification and management of signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI). However, equal importance is given to all the PSBI signs, which signal the need for referral and hospital management, except for fast breathing in infants aged 7–59 days, for which outpatient treatment by clinical staff working at a health facility is recommended. Moreover, studies to validate the importance of clinical signs of PSBI have mostly used the need for hospitalisation as the outcome. There is a need to further examine the association of signs of PSBI individually and in combination with risk of mortality and to analyse global data to inform global recommendations.Methods and analysis We will create a dataset that integrates data from population-based studies globally with similar designs that have examined the presence of signs of PSBI identified by frontline health workers throughout the young infant period (days 0 to <60) and that have also recorded infant vital status. We will conduct pooled, individual-level analyses of the frequency of identification of signs individually and in combinations and will conduct three types of analyses of association of signs of PSBI with mortality: (1) case fatality, which has been used in a multisite study of mortality risk associated with signs of PSBI in young infants in Africa; (2) Cox regression, which will enable time-varying analysis of exposure in relation to mortality, as has been done in a multisite study in Asia and (3) machine learning analysis, which has not previously been applied to any of the available data.Ethics and dissemination All prior studies incorporated into our pooled analysis were approved by the independent local ethics committee/institutional review board (IRB) at each study site in each country, and all study participants provided informed consent. This project was approved by the Stanford University School of Medicine IRB protocol 74456. Study findings will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, WHO documents, and presentations at maternal and child health meetings. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e107174946c44aba9e6d0bf2b7ea7b42 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2044-6055 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-e107174946c44aba9e6d0bf2b7ea7b422025-08-20T03:24:03ZengBMJ Publishing GroupBMJ Open2044-60552025-06-0115610.1136/bmjopen-2024-097135Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysisAdejumoke Idowu Ayede0Samir K Saha1Saifuddin Ahmed2Mohammad Shahidul Islam3Gary L Darmstadt4Fabian Esamai5Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto6Ebunoluwa A Adejuyigbe7Yasir Bin Nisar8Shamim Ahmad Qazi9Vaishnavi Bhamidi10Khusbu Adhikari11Ivana Marić12Robinson D Wammanda139 University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria4 Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh2 Population, Family And Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA4 Child Health Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA8 Department of Child Health and Paediatrics, Moi University, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya7 University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)10 Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun, Nigeria12 Department of Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health and Ageing, World Health Organization, Geneve, Switzerland5 Independent Consultant Paediatrician, Geneva, Switzerland2 Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA3 Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA1 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA11 Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria, Zaria, Kaduna, NigeriaIntroduction The WHO’s Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) in young infants <2 months of age includes the identification and management of signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI). However, equal importance is given to all the PSBI signs, which signal the need for referral and hospital management, except for fast breathing in infants aged 7–59 days, for which outpatient treatment by clinical staff working at a health facility is recommended. Moreover, studies to validate the importance of clinical signs of PSBI have mostly used the need for hospitalisation as the outcome. There is a need to further examine the association of signs of PSBI individually and in combination with risk of mortality and to analyse global data to inform global recommendations.Methods and analysis We will create a dataset that integrates data from population-based studies globally with similar designs that have examined the presence of signs of PSBI identified by frontline health workers throughout the young infant period (days 0 to <60) and that have also recorded infant vital status. We will conduct pooled, individual-level analyses of the frequency of identification of signs individually and in combinations and will conduct three types of analyses of association of signs of PSBI with mortality: (1) case fatality, which has been used in a multisite study of mortality risk associated with signs of PSBI in young infants in Africa; (2) Cox regression, which will enable time-varying analysis of exposure in relation to mortality, as has been done in a multisite study in Asia and (3) machine learning analysis, which has not previously been applied to any of the available data.Ethics and dissemination All prior studies incorporated into our pooled analysis were approved by the independent local ethics committee/institutional review board (IRB) at each study site in each country, and all study participants provided informed consent. This project was approved by the Stanford University School of Medicine IRB protocol 74456. Study findings will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals, WHO documents, and presentations at maternal and child health meetings.https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/6/e097135.full |
| spellingShingle | Adejumoke Idowu Ayede Samir K Saha Saifuddin Ahmed Mohammad Shahidul Islam Gary L Darmstadt Fabian Esamai Antoinette Tshefu Kitoto Ebunoluwa A Adejuyigbe Yasir Bin Nisar Shamim Ahmad Qazi Vaishnavi Bhamidi Khusbu Adhikari Ivana Marić Robinson D Wammanda Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis BMJ Open |
| title | Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| title_full | Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| title_fullStr | Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| title_short | Mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection (PSBI) in young infants in Africa and Asia: protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| title_sort | mortality risk associated with clinical signs of possible serious bacterial infection psbi in young infants in africa and asia protocol for a secondary pooled analysis |
| url | https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/15/6/e097135.full |
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