Biorefining of Walnut Shells into Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Using Ultrasound-Assisted, Enzyme-Assisted, and Pressurized Liquid Extraction Coupled with Chemometrics

Biorefining of Walnut Shells into Polyphenol-Rich Extracts Using Ultrasound-Assisted, Enzyme-Assisted, and Pressurized Liquid Extraction Coupled with Chemometrics

Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) shells are valuable agro-industrial by-products rich in polyphenols. This study investigated traditional (maceration) and advanced extraction techniques—ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), pressurized liquid extraction...

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Main Authors: Busra Acoglu Celik, Muhammed Alpgiray Celik, Laura Jūrienė, Jovita Jovaišaitė, Rita Kazernavičiūtė, Erturk Bekar, Perihan Yolci Omeroglu, Petras Rimantas Venskutonis, Senem Kamiloglu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-06-01
Series:Foods
Subjects:
<i>Juglans regia</i> L. shell
green extraction
combined extraction
phenolic compounds
antioxidant capacity
principal component analysis
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/14/13/2245
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Summary:Walnut (<i>Juglans regia</i> L.) shells are valuable agro-industrial by-products rich in polyphenols. This study investigated traditional (maceration) and advanced extraction techniques—ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and combined ultrasound–enzyme extraction (US-EAE)—to recover bioactive compounds from walnut shells. Extraction efficiency, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (ABTS<sup>•+</sup>, DPPH•), and polyphenol composition were evaluated. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified key polyphenols including ellagic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillin, taxifolin, and quercitrin. The highest TPC (5625 mg GAE/100 g dw) was found in extracts subjected to US-EAE, in which ultrasound pretreatment (200 W, 10 min) was followed by enzymatic extraction using 0.06 mL/g Viscozyme<sup>®</sup> L at pH 3.5 and 45 °C. Under the same extraction conditions, UAE alone yielded the second highest TPC (4129 mg GAE/100 g dw). The highest ABTS<sup>•+</sup> scavenging activity (14,478 mg TE/100 g dw) and enhanced DPPH• activity (45.38 mg TE/100 g dw) were also observed in US-EAE extracts. Chemometric techniques (PCA and HCA) revealed meaningful clustering and variation patterns among methods. These findings highlight the potential of walnut shells as a sustainable source of polyphenols and demonstrate the effectiveness of innovative extraction technologies in maximizing bioactive compound recovery for potential functional applications.
ISSN:2304-8158

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