Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye
Abstract Encapsulation technologies have been utilized in laundry detergents mainly as formaldehyde-based capsules which are commonly used to encapsulate active compounds like fragrances, bluing agents and fluorescent whitening agents. Nevertheless, formaldehyde derived materials are toxic, carcinog...
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| Format: | Article |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05352-y |
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| author | Yasmin Kabalan Bartosz Tylkowski Silvia De La Flor Marta Giamberini Xavier Montané |
| author_facet | Yasmin Kabalan Bartosz Tylkowski Silvia De La Flor Marta Giamberini Xavier Montané |
| author_sort | Yasmin Kabalan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Encapsulation technologies have been utilized in laundry detergents mainly as formaldehyde-based capsules which are commonly used to encapsulate active compounds like fragrances, bluing agents and fluorescent whitening agents. Nevertheless, formaldehyde derived materials are toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable leading to an increase in the microplastic pollution in oceans and consequently harming the marine life. Therefore, the researchers are currently tending towards the replacement of these components by biobased ones. In this work, we present the synthesis of capsules with more than one shell using biodegradable polymers to replace these materials. Moreover, the blue dye used in laundry detergent industry was successfully encapsulated in biodegradable capsules formed by an interpenetrating network of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) prepared using different conditions. Besides, the capsules were characterized to study their chemical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties, to evaluate their water solubility, and to determine how the composition and the preparation methods can affect their properties. The novelty of this system lies in evaluating how modifying a previously reported system using poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and alginate as shells –achieved by replacing the PEGDMA diacrylic monomer with PEGDA– affects the morphology and properties of the resulting capsules. It has been shown that the capsules with PEGDA exhibited improved thermal and mechanical properties compared to the previously described system, which could make them more suitable for their intended applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e0de9dcc18d94a2ea151f1881439ba49 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-e0de9dcc18d94a2ea151f1881439ba492025-08-20T03:03:40ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111510.1038/s41598-025-05352-ySynthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dyeYasmin Kabalan0Bartosz Tylkowski1Silvia De La Flor2Marta Giamberini3Xavier Montané4Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliDepartment of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i VirgiliAbstract Encapsulation technologies have been utilized in laundry detergents mainly as formaldehyde-based capsules which are commonly used to encapsulate active compounds like fragrances, bluing agents and fluorescent whitening agents. Nevertheless, formaldehyde derived materials are toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable leading to an increase in the microplastic pollution in oceans and consequently harming the marine life. Therefore, the researchers are currently tending towards the replacement of these components by biobased ones. In this work, we present the synthesis of capsules with more than one shell using biodegradable polymers to replace these materials. Moreover, the blue dye used in laundry detergent industry was successfully encapsulated in biodegradable capsules formed by an interpenetrating network of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) prepared using different conditions. Besides, the capsules were characterized to study their chemical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties, to evaluate their water solubility, and to determine how the composition and the preparation methods can affect their properties. The novelty of this system lies in evaluating how modifying a previously reported system using poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) and alginate as shells –achieved by replacing the PEGDMA diacrylic monomer with PEGDA– affects the morphology and properties of the resulting capsules. It has been shown that the capsules with PEGDA exhibited improved thermal and mechanical properties compared to the previously described system, which could make them more suitable for their intended applications.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05352-y |
| spellingShingle | Yasmin Kabalan Bartosz Tylkowski Silvia De La Flor Marta Giamberini Xavier Montané Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye Scientific Reports |
| title | Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| title_full | Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| title_fullStr | Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| title_full_unstemmed | Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| title_short | Synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly(ethylene glycol) for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| title_sort | synthesis and characterization of biobased capsules formed from interpenetrating networks of alginate and poly ethylene glycol for the encapsulation of blue dye |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-05352-y |
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