Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara
In Togo, the cities of Lomé and Kara are undergoing rapid urbanisation driven by strong population growth and the expansion of urban built-up areas, leading to significant reductions in urban green spaces (UGSs). UGSs are vital for climate regulation and human well-being by mitigating urban heat, im...
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MDPI AG
2025-02-01
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| author | Yetondé Deton Hodabalo Kamou Abalo Atato Bimare Kombate Abalo Mabafei Josef Yoka Marra Dourma Atsu Kudzo Guelly Komlan Batawila Koffi Akpagana |
| author_facet | Yetondé Deton Hodabalo Kamou Abalo Atato Bimare Kombate Abalo Mabafei Josef Yoka Marra Dourma Atsu Kudzo Guelly Komlan Batawila Koffi Akpagana |
| author_sort | Yetondé Deton |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In Togo, the cities of Lomé and Kara are undergoing rapid urbanisation driven by strong population growth and the expansion of urban built-up areas, leading to significant reductions in urban green spaces (UGSs). UGSs are vital for climate regulation and human well-being by mitigating urban heat, improving air quality, and supporting mental health. This urban expansion directly replaces vegetated areas with impervious surfaces, diminishing UGS and their associated ecosystem services. Consequently, climatic vulnerability has increased, highlighting the need for sustainable urban development and UGS conservation. This study examines UGS spatiotemporal dynamics using Landsat imagery from 1988, 2000, 2012, and 2022, applying a supervised image classification approach with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Post-classification change detection quantified UGS loss. Additionally, vulnerability models for 2022, 2060, and 2100 were developed using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP 2.45 and SSP 5.85) and a multifactorial modelling approach. The results reveal a decline in UGSs from 85.98% to 40.78% in Lomé and from 93.99% to 36.68% in Kara between 1988 and 2022, primarily due to urbanisation. Vulnerable zones, currently in UGSs, risk disappearance by 2060–2100, exacerbating climate risks. Urgent measures are needed, including conservation policies, UGS creation, and community awareness to promote urban sustainability. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e0d84f5b2a774ef89a57712e0332b0a8 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2073-445X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Land |
| spelling | doaj-art-e0d84f5b2a774ef89a57712e0332b0a82025-08-20T02:11:17ZengMDPI AGLand2073-445X2025-02-0114347110.3390/land14030471Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and KaraYetondé Deton0Hodabalo Kamou1Abalo Atato2Bimare Kombate3Abalo Mabafei4Josef Yoka5Marra Dourma6Atsu Kudzo Guelly7Komlan Batawila8Koffi Akpagana9Regional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoFaculty of Science and Technology (FaST), University of Kara, Kara BP 404, TogoLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoBiodiversity and Ecosystem and Environmental Management Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Technology, Marien Ngouabi University, Brazzaville B.P. 69, CongoRegional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoRegional Center of Excellence on Sustainable Cities in Africa (CERViDA-DOUNEDON), University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoLaboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV), Faculty of Science, University of Lomé, Lomé 01 BP1515, TogoIn Togo, the cities of Lomé and Kara are undergoing rapid urbanisation driven by strong population growth and the expansion of urban built-up areas, leading to significant reductions in urban green spaces (UGSs). UGSs are vital for climate regulation and human well-being by mitigating urban heat, improving air quality, and supporting mental health. This urban expansion directly replaces vegetated areas with impervious surfaces, diminishing UGS and their associated ecosystem services. Consequently, climatic vulnerability has increased, highlighting the need for sustainable urban development and UGS conservation. This study examines UGS spatiotemporal dynamics using Landsat imagery from 1988, 2000, 2012, and 2022, applying a supervised image classification approach with the maximum likelihood algorithm. Post-classification change detection quantified UGS loss. Additionally, vulnerability models for 2022, 2060, and 2100 were developed using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP 2.45 and SSP 5.85) and a multifactorial modelling approach. The results reveal a decline in UGSs from 85.98% to 40.78% in Lomé and from 93.99% to 36.68% in Kara between 1988 and 2022, primarily due to urbanisation. Vulnerable zones, currently in UGSs, risk disappearance by 2060–2100, exacerbating climate risks. Urgent measures are needed, including conservation policies, UGS creation, and community awareness to promote urban sustainability.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/3/471urban green spacesspatiotemporal dynamicsclimate vulnerabilityLoméKara (Togo) |
| spellingShingle | Yetondé Deton Hodabalo Kamou Abalo Atato Bimare Kombate Abalo Mabafei Josef Yoka Marra Dourma Atsu Kudzo Guelly Komlan Batawila Koffi Akpagana Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara Land urban green spaces spatiotemporal dynamics climate vulnerability Lomé Kara (Togo) |
| title | Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara |
| title_full | Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara |
| title_fullStr | Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara |
| title_short | Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Urban Green Spaces and Climatic Vulnerability of Togolese Cities in the Context of Rapid Urbanisation: The Case of Lome and Kara |
| title_sort | spatiotemporal dynamics of urban green spaces and climatic vulnerability of togolese cities in the context of rapid urbanisation the case of lome and kara |
| topic | urban green spaces spatiotemporal dynamics climate vulnerability Lomé Kara (Togo) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/14/3/471 |
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