Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning

Abstract The current research introduces a model-free ultra-local model (MFULM) controller that utilizes the multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL) technique for remotely regulating blood pressure through precise drug dosing in a closed-loop system. Within the closed-loop system, ther...

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Main Authors: Xiaofeng Hong, Walid Ayadi, Khalid A. Alattas, Ardashir Mohammadzadeh, Mohamad Salimi, Chunwei Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-01-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84791-5
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author Xiaofeng Hong
Walid Ayadi
Khalid A. Alattas
Ardashir Mohammadzadeh
Mohamad Salimi
Chunwei Zhang
author_facet Xiaofeng Hong
Walid Ayadi
Khalid A. Alattas
Ardashir Mohammadzadeh
Mohamad Salimi
Chunwei Zhang
author_sort Xiaofeng Hong
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The current research introduces a model-free ultra-local model (MFULM) controller that utilizes the multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL) technique for remotely regulating blood pressure through precise drug dosing in a closed-loop system. Within the closed-loop system, there exists a MFULM controller, an observer, and an intelligent MAOPRL algorithm. Initially, a flexible MFULM controller is created to make adjustments to blood pressure and medication dosages. Following this, an observer is incorporated into the main controller to improve performance and stability by estimating states and disturbances. The controller parameters are optimized using MAOPRL in an adaptive manner, which involves the use of an actor-critic approach in an adaptive fashion. This approach enhances the adaptability of the controller by allowing for dynamic modifications to dosage and blood pressure control parameters. In the presence of disturbances or instabilities, the critic’s feedback aids the actor in adjusting actions to reduce their impact, utilizing a complementary strategy to tackle deficiencies in the primary controller. Lastly, various evaluations, including assessments under normal conditions, adaptability between patients, and stability evaluations against mixed disturbances, have been carried out to confirm the efficiency and viability of the proposed method.
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issn 2045-2322
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publishDate 2025-01-01
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spelling doaj-art-e0a3f7436fe44cae9be6cc3f462decbe2025-08-20T02:53:54ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-01-0115111710.1038/s41598-024-84791-5Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learningXiaofeng Hong0Walid Ayadi1Khalid A. Alattas2Ardashir Mohammadzadeh3Mohamad Salimi4Chunwei Zhang5Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of ConstructionMechatronics and Intelligent Systems, Abu Dhabi PolytechnicDepartment of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of JeddahFaculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sakarya UniversityDepartment of Engineering Science, University of OxfordMultidisciplinary Center for Infrastructure Engineering, Shenyang University of TechnologyAbstract The current research introduces a model-free ultra-local model (MFULM) controller that utilizes the multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL) technique for remotely regulating blood pressure through precise drug dosing in a closed-loop system. Within the closed-loop system, there exists a MFULM controller, an observer, and an intelligent MAOPRL algorithm. Initially, a flexible MFULM controller is created to make adjustments to blood pressure and medication dosages. Following this, an observer is incorporated into the main controller to improve performance and stability by estimating states and disturbances. The controller parameters are optimized using MAOPRL in an adaptive manner, which involves the use of an actor-critic approach in an adaptive fashion. This approach enhances the adaptability of the controller by allowing for dynamic modifications to dosage and blood pressure control parameters. In the presence of disturbances or instabilities, the critic’s feedback aids the actor in adjusting actions to reduce their impact, utilizing a complementary strategy to tackle deficiencies in the primary controller. Lastly, various evaluations, including assessments under normal conditions, adaptability between patients, and stability evaluations against mixed disturbances, have been carried out to confirm the efficiency and viability of the proposed method.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84791-5Blood pressure (BP)Average arterial pressure (AAP)Drug deliveryModel-free ultra-local model (MFULM)Multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL)
spellingShingle Xiaofeng Hong
Walid Ayadi
Khalid A. Alattas
Ardashir Mohammadzadeh
Mohamad Salimi
Chunwei Zhang
Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
Scientific Reports
Blood pressure (BP)
Average arterial pressure (AAP)
Drug delivery
Model-free ultra-local model (MFULM)
Multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL)
title Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
title_full Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
title_fullStr Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
title_full_unstemmed Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
title_short Adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning
title_sort adaptive average arterial pressure control by multi agent on policy reinforcement learning
topic Blood pressure (BP)
Average arterial pressure (AAP)
Drug delivery
Model-free ultra-local model (MFULM)
Multi-agent on-policy reinforcement learning (MAOPRL)
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84791-5
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AT khalidaalattas adaptiveaveragearterialpressurecontrolbymultiagentonpolicyreinforcementlearning
AT ardashirmohammadzadeh adaptiveaveragearterialpressurecontrolbymultiagentonpolicyreinforcementlearning
AT mohamadsalimi adaptiveaveragearterialpressurecontrolbymultiagentonpolicyreinforcementlearning
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