Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity
Abstract Background Lead and cadmium (Pb/Cd) are pervasive in soils, and their detrimental effects on ecosystems are increasingly evident. Therefore, taking measures to mitigate the toxicity of Pb/Cd is urgently necessary. In this study, bentonite was used as a raw material for modification, and the...
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SpringerOpen
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Environmental Sciences Europe |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01144-3 |
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| author | Xue Yang Yuancheng Li Maoxi Gan Yuling Chen Hailong Meng Lun Li Jianhong Xu Meihong Zhao Dongpeng Lv |
| author_facet | Xue Yang Yuancheng Li Maoxi Gan Yuling Chen Hailong Meng Lun Li Jianhong Xu Meihong Zhao Dongpeng Lv |
| author_sort | Xue Yang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Lead and cadmium (Pb/Cd) are pervasive in soils, and their detrimental effects on ecosystems are increasingly evident. Therefore, taking measures to mitigate the toxicity of Pb/Cd is urgently necessary. In this study, bentonite was used as a raw material for modification, and the influence of modified bentonite on the soil adsorption and desorption of Pb/Cd was investigated. The potential application of modified bentonite in mitigating the phytotoxicity of Pb/Cd was evaluated by conducting pot experiments, and the environmental risk was evaluated by acid rain leaching test. Results Results indicate that the removal rates of Pb/Cd of BTS obtained by 450℃ calcination and 20% citric acid activation reached 88.03% and 80.04%, respectively. Pb/Cd was primarily adsorbed by BTS through coordination between the groups (e.g., siloxane, hydroxyl, and carboxyl) and Pb/Cd. BTS amendment at an appropriate concentration (1%, 3%, and 5%, w/w) to soils contaminated with Pb/Cd resulted in a significant increase in ryegrass yield and chlorophyll (P < 0.05), and it enhanced root activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, under the effect of acid rain at pH 5.0, the release concentrations of Pb/Cd were the lowest when BTS-5% was added, and the cumulative release concentrations were 2.079 and 1.506 mg·L−1, respectively. The extractable acid state increased before and after leaching, whereas the residual state decreased. Conclusion BTS (3% and 5%) can reduce the environmental risk level from a strong risk to a slight risk. Furthermore, the results of this study can provide theoretical basis for the promotion and application of bentonite in pollution control. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e07d51294c5d48acb1d3194ecdee7748 |
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| issn | 2190-4715 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
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| series | Environmental Sciences Europe |
| spelling | doaj-art-e07d51294c5d48acb1d3194ecdee77482025-08-20T02:10:35ZengSpringerOpenEnvironmental Sciences Europe2190-47152025-06-0137111510.1186/s12302-025-01144-3Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicityXue Yang0Yuancheng Li1Maoxi Gan2Yuling Chen3Hailong Meng4Lun Li5Jianhong Xu6Meihong Zhao7Dongpeng Lv8College of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityCollege of Agronomy and Biological Sciences, Dali UniversityAbstract Background Lead and cadmium (Pb/Cd) are pervasive in soils, and their detrimental effects on ecosystems are increasingly evident. Therefore, taking measures to mitigate the toxicity of Pb/Cd is urgently necessary. In this study, bentonite was used as a raw material for modification, and the influence of modified bentonite on the soil adsorption and desorption of Pb/Cd was investigated. The potential application of modified bentonite in mitigating the phytotoxicity of Pb/Cd was evaluated by conducting pot experiments, and the environmental risk was evaluated by acid rain leaching test. Results Results indicate that the removal rates of Pb/Cd of BTS obtained by 450℃ calcination and 20% citric acid activation reached 88.03% and 80.04%, respectively. Pb/Cd was primarily adsorbed by BTS through coordination between the groups (e.g., siloxane, hydroxyl, and carboxyl) and Pb/Cd. BTS amendment at an appropriate concentration (1%, 3%, and 5%, w/w) to soils contaminated with Pb/Cd resulted in a significant increase in ryegrass yield and chlorophyll (P < 0.05), and it enhanced root activity and antioxidant enzyme activity. Furthermore, under the effect of acid rain at pH 5.0, the release concentrations of Pb/Cd were the lowest when BTS-5% was added, and the cumulative release concentrations were 2.079 and 1.506 mg·L−1, respectively. The extractable acid state increased before and after leaching, whereas the residual state decreased. Conclusion BTS (3% and 5%) can reduce the environmental risk level from a strong risk to a slight risk. Furthermore, the results of this study can provide theoretical basis for the promotion and application of bentonite in pollution control.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01144-3Modified bentoniteSoil heavy metals Pb/CdAdsorption and desorptionPhytotoxicityDynamic leaching |
| spellingShingle | Xue Yang Yuancheng Li Maoxi Gan Yuling Chen Hailong Meng Lun Li Jianhong Xu Meihong Zhao Dongpeng Lv Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity Environmental Sciences Europe Modified bentonite Soil heavy metals Pb/Cd Adsorption and desorption Phytotoxicity Dynamic leaching |
| title | Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| title_full | Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| title_fullStr | Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| title_short | Adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal Pb/Cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| title_sort | adsorption and desorption effect of modified bentonite on soil heavy metal pb cd and the feasibility assessment of reducing the ecotoxicity |
| topic | Modified bentonite Soil heavy metals Pb/Cd Adsorption and desorption Phytotoxicity Dynamic leaching |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-025-01144-3 |
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