Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
In the current study, concentrations of 35 toxic, non-toxic, and essential metals (As, Al, Au, Ba, B, Bi, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Cu, Co, K, Fe, Li, La, Mn, Mg, Na, Mo, P, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, Pt, Se, Sb, Sn, Si, Ti, Sr, W, V and Zn) in four different types of nuts (almond, cashew, peanuts and walnut) were assess...
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Elsevier
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002364 |
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| author | Zahra Hadian Nabi Shariatifar Majid Arabameri Mojtaba Moazzen Amin Mousavi Khaneghah |
| author_facet | Zahra Hadian Nabi Shariatifar Majid Arabameri Mojtaba Moazzen Amin Mousavi Khaneghah |
| author_sort | Zahra Hadian |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the current study, concentrations of 35 toxic, non-toxic, and essential metals (As, Al, Au, Ba, B, Bi, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Cu, Co, K, Fe, Li, La, Mn, Mg, Na, Mo, P, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, Pt, Se, Sb, Sn, Si, Ti, Sr, W, V and Zn) in four different types of nuts (almond, cashew, peanuts and walnut) were assessed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results showed that the highest average levels of the essential metals in the samples were associated with K (6949.52 ± 1304.73 mg kg−1). Moreover, the samples did not detect Be, Pd, V, Pt, and La. The highest and the lowest average levels of toxic elements belonged to Ba (3.40 ± 2.00 mg kg−1) and Cd (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/kg), respectively. Pb was not detected (< LOD) in these samples. In the selected nut samples, the concentrations of the elements were less than the standards. Principal component analysis (PCA) represented distinguishing patterns based on the elemental composition of nut samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were estimated to assess attributable risks from the elemental analysis using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The PCA visualized five distinguished clusters based on the elemental composition of the nut samples. Generally, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of metals from the selected nuts was less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Risk assessments revealed that the cumulative EDI, THQ, and ILCR for the toxic metals did not include serious risks to human health (THQ ≤1, ILCR ≤10−6) in the scenarios (average exposure and reasonable maximum exposure). Thus, consumption of these nuts appeared to be safe based on the available data. The present findings provide additional information for further studies in food safety. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e05685441b614ce19628cf57ee0cf1cc |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2666-1543 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-e05685441b614ce19628cf57ee0cf1cc2025-08-20T02:05:11ZengElsevierJournal of Agriculture and Food Research2666-15432025-06-012110186510.1016/j.jafr.2025.101865Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES)Zahra Hadian0Nabi Shariatifar1Majid Arabameri2Mojtaba Moazzen3Amin Mousavi Khaneghah4Department of Food Science and Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Corresponding author.Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFood and Drug Administration, Halal Research Center of IRI, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, IranDepartment of Food Science and Technology Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranFood and Drug Administration, Halal Research Center of IRI, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, 191002, Saint Petersburg, RussiaIn the current study, concentrations of 35 toxic, non-toxic, and essential metals (As, Al, Au, Ba, B, Bi, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Cu, Co, K, Fe, Li, La, Mn, Mg, Na, Mo, P, Ni, Pd, Pb, S, Pt, Se, Sb, Sn, Si, Ti, Sr, W, V and Zn) in four different types of nuts (almond, cashew, peanuts and walnut) were assessed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Results showed that the highest average levels of the essential metals in the samples were associated with K (6949.52 ± 1304.73 mg kg−1). Moreover, the samples did not detect Be, Pd, V, Pt, and La. The highest and the lowest average levels of toxic elements belonged to Ba (3.40 ± 2.00 mg kg−1) and Cd (0.02 ± 0.01 mg/kg), respectively. Pb was not detected (< LOD) in these samples. In the selected nut samples, the concentrations of the elements were less than the standards. Principal component analysis (PCA) represented distinguishing patterns based on the elemental composition of nut samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and target hazard quotient (THQ) were estimated to assess attributable risks from the elemental analysis using a probabilistic approach based on Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The PCA visualized five distinguished clusters based on the elemental composition of the nut samples. Generally, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of metals from the selected nuts was less than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Risk assessments revealed that the cumulative EDI, THQ, and ILCR for the toxic metals did not include serious risks to human health (THQ ≤1, ILCR ≤10−6) in the scenarios (average exposure and reasonable maximum exposure). Thus, consumption of these nuts appeared to be safe based on the available data. The present findings provide additional information for further studies in food safety.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002364NutsMetalsCarcinogenicNon-carcinogenicICP-OES |
| spellingShingle | Zahra Hadian Nabi Shariatifar Majid Arabameri Mojtaba Moazzen Amin Mousavi Khaneghah Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) Journal of Agriculture and Food Research Nuts Metals Carcinogenic Non-carcinogenic ICP-OES |
| title | Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) |
| title_full | Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) |
| title_fullStr | Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) |
| title_short | Risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in Iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) |
| title_sort | risk assessment of metal exposure from nuts consumption in iran using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy icp oes |
| topic | Nuts Metals Carcinogenic Non-carcinogenic ICP-OES |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666154325002364 |
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