The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction

Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is primarily secreted by monocytes or macrophages and has traditionally been recognized for its role in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils. Recent research has revealed the presence...

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Main Authors: Lu Zhou, Liming Zhou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Series:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-025-01414-y
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author Lu Zhou
Liming Zhou
author_facet Lu Zhou
Liming Zhou
author_sort Lu Zhou
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is primarily secreted by monocytes or macrophages and has traditionally been recognized for its role in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils. Recent research has revealed the presence of G-CSF in non-hematopoietic cells such as vascular endothelial cells, placental cells, and trophoblast cells. This discovery has led to the belief that G-CSF plays a significant role in ensuring the success of pregnancy. In this review, we investigate and summarize the mechanisms of G-CSF in the reproductive system, specifically addressing its roles in endometrial repair at the maternal-fetal interface, trophoblast development, suppression of autoimmunity, ovulation, and its therapeutic effects in reproductive-related diseases. As an important cytokine in normal pregnancy, our study demonstrate that G-CSF could improve endometrial receptivity through multiple mechanisms: not only by inhibiting apoptosis, regulating cytokine expression, and mobilizing cells, but also by increasing the number of endometrial pinopodes and attenuating degeneration, as supported by recent studies. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive reference for future scientific research and clinical treatment endeavors.
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spelling doaj-art-e051ddb5635d4329ba4e10328ddc85bd2025-08-20T02:38:32ZengBMCReproductive Biology and Endocrinology1477-78272025-05-0123111010.1186/s12958-025-01414-yThe Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproductionLu Zhou0Liming Zhou1Reproductive Medical Center, Women and Children’s Hospital of Ningbo UniversityReproductive Medical Center, Women and Children’s Hospital of Ningbo UniversityAbstract Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that is primarily secreted by monocytes or macrophages and has traditionally been recognized for its role in stimulating the proliferation and differentiation of neutrophils. Recent research has revealed the presence of G-CSF in non-hematopoietic cells such as vascular endothelial cells, placental cells, and trophoblast cells. This discovery has led to the belief that G-CSF plays a significant role in ensuring the success of pregnancy. In this review, we investigate and summarize the mechanisms of G-CSF in the reproductive system, specifically addressing its roles in endometrial repair at the maternal-fetal interface, trophoblast development, suppression of autoimmunity, ovulation, and its therapeutic effects in reproductive-related diseases. As an important cytokine in normal pregnancy, our study demonstrate that G-CSF could improve endometrial receptivity through multiple mechanisms: not only by inhibiting apoptosis, regulating cytokine expression, and mobilizing cells, but also by increasing the number of endometrial pinopodes and attenuating degeneration, as supported by recent studies. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive reference for future scientific research and clinical treatment endeavors.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-025-01414-yGranulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)ReproductionMechanismsTherapeutic effect
spellingShingle Lu Zhou
Liming Zhou
The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)
Reproduction
Mechanisms
Therapeutic effect
title The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
title_full The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
title_fullStr The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
title_full_unstemmed The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
title_short The Mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in reproduction
title_sort mechanisms and therapeutic effects of granulocyte colony stimulating factor in reproduction
topic Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor(G-CSF)
Reproduction
Mechanisms
Therapeutic effect
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-025-01414-y
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