Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath

Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, requires accurate monitoring to ensure therapeutic efficacy and prevent oversedation. Recent developments in modern analytical instrumentation have led to significant breakthroughs in on-line analysis of exhaled breath. This review discusses seve...

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Main Authors: Xiaoxiao Li, Pan Chang, Wensheng Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2024-12-01
Series:Heliyon
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024157350
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author Xiaoxiao Li
Pan Chang
Wensheng Zhang
author_facet Xiaoxiao Li
Pan Chang
Wensheng Zhang
author_sort Xiaoxiao Li
collection DOAJ
description Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, requires accurate monitoring to ensure therapeutic efficacy and prevent oversedation. Recent developments in modern analytical instrumentation have led to significant breakthroughs in on-line analysis of exhaled breath. This review discusses several sophisticated analytical methods that have been explored for noninvasive, real-time monitoring of propofol concentrations, including proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled to surface acoustic wave sensors. These techniques have demonstrated good correlations between plasma and exhaled propofol concentrations and between exhaled propofol concentrations and its cerebral effects. Despite these advances, the use of these technologies in clinical settings is hampered by challenges such as equipment noise, bulkiness, and high cost, as well as limitations related to endotracheal intubation, strong adsorption of propofol to components of the respiratory circuit, variability in respiratory patterns, susceptibility to changes in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow, inconsistencies in calibration methods, and the influence of other drugs and temperature fluctuations on measurement accuracy. Overcoming these technical and procedural challenges is critical to advancing the clinical application of breath analysis for propofol monitoring. This article reviews published studies and summarizes the progress and ongoing challenges in the field.
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spelling doaj-art-e0272ba9b1f441928feffb4d854a3d8a2025-08-20T02:52:30ZengElsevierHeliyon2405-84402024-12-011024e3970410.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39704Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breathXiaoxiao Li0Pan Chang1Wensheng Zhang2Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, ChinaDepartment of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, ChinaDepartment of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Corresponding author. 37 Guoxue Lane, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic agent, requires accurate monitoring to ensure therapeutic efficacy and prevent oversedation. Recent developments in modern analytical instrumentation have led to significant breakthroughs in on-line analysis of exhaled breath. This review discusses several sophisticated analytical methods that have been explored for noninvasive, real-time monitoring of propofol concentrations, including proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, and gas chromatography coupled to surface acoustic wave sensors. These techniques have demonstrated good correlations between plasma and exhaled propofol concentrations and between exhaled propofol concentrations and its cerebral effects. Despite these advances, the use of these technologies in clinical settings is hampered by challenges such as equipment noise, bulkiness, and high cost, as well as limitations related to endotracheal intubation, strong adsorption of propofol to components of the respiratory circuit, variability in respiratory patterns, susceptibility to changes in pulmonary ventilation and blood flow, inconsistencies in calibration methods, and the influence of other drugs and temperature fluctuations on measurement accuracy. Overcoming these technical and procedural challenges is critical to advancing the clinical application of breath analysis for propofol monitoring. This article reviews published studies and summarizes the progress and ongoing challenges in the field.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024157350ProgressChallengePropofol concentrationAnalytical instrumentExhaled breath
spellingShingle Xiaoxiao Li
Pan Chang
Wensheng Zhang
Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
Heliyon
Progress
Challenge
Propofol concentration
Analytical instrument
Exhaled breath
title Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
title_full Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
title_fullStr Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
title_full_unstemmed Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
title_short Online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
title_sort online monitoring of propofol concentrations in exhaled breath
topic Progress
Challenge
Propofol concentration
Analytical instrument
Exhaled breath
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844024157350
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