Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) is widely used in the dental industry as a photoinitiator for resin-based materials, while its use may be further limited given its toxicological risks. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyze...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Biomedicines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/44 |
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| author | Philipp Messer-Hannemann Max Wienhold Hoda Esbak Alexander Brunner Andreas Schönebaum Falk Schwendicke Susanne Effenberger |
| author_facet | Philipp Messer-Hannemann Max Wienhold Hoda Esbak Alexander Brunner Andreas Schönebaum Falk Schwendicke Susanne Effenberger |
| author_sort | Philipp Messer-Hannemann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) is widely used in the dental industry as a photoinitiator for resin-based materials, while its use may be further limited given its toxicological risks. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyze the residual TPO content of 3D-printed resin-based dental splint materials. <b>Methods</b>: Six resin-based splint materials were analyzed: LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (DMG), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (Detax), optiprint splint (Dentona), KeySplint Soft (KeyPrint), FREEPRINT ortho (Detax), V-Print splint comfort (Voco). Grid-shaped specimens were fabricated using the recommended workflow of each manufacturer (n = 18). TPO extraction was conducted using a maximum of eight extraction cycles of 72 h at a temperature of 37 °C until no more TPO eluates were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The margin of safety (MoS) was calculated as the ratio between the Derived No-Effect Level (DNEL) and the estimated exposure based on the amount of TPO extracted. <b>Results</b>: The total amount of extracted TPO was the lowest for LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (Mean ± SD; 44.0 ± 17.1 ng/mL), followed by optiprint splint (80.6 ± 21.1 ng/mL), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (127.4 ± 25.3 ng/mL), FREEPRINT ortho (2813.2 ± 348.0 ng/mL), V-Print splint comfort (33,424.6 ± 8357.9 ng/mL) and KeySplint Soft (42,083.5 ± 3175.2 ng/mL). For all tested materials, the calculated MoS was above the critical value of 1, demonstrating toxicological safety in the cured, clinically relevant state. <b>Conclusions</b>: Large differences in the residual TPO content were observed between the materials. Although the TPO content in the uncured state may exceed toxicological safety limits, appropriate curing of the investigated materials resulted in a significant reduction in TPO elution and, thus, in products with a very low toxicological risk for the patient. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e00cdee523cb492b93fed49e47007595 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2227-9059 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomedicines |
| spelling | doaj-art-e00cdee523cb492b93fed49e470075952025-01-24T13:23:49ZengMDPI AGBiomedicines2227-90592024-12-011314410.3390/biomedicines13010044Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint MaterialsPhilipp Messer-Hannemann0Max Wienhold1Hoda Esbak2Alexander Brunner3Andreas Schönebaum4Falk Schwendicke5Susanne Effenberger6DMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, GermanyDMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, GermanyDMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, GermanyDMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, GermanyDMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, GermanyDepartment of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU Klinikum, 80336 Munich, GermanyDMG Dental-Material Gesellschaft mbH, 22547 Hamburg, Germany<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO) is widely used in the dental industry as a photoinitiator for resin-based materials, while its use may be further limited given its toxicological risks. The aim of this study was, therefore, to analyze the residual TPO content of 3D-printed resin-based dental splint materials. <b>Methods</b>: Six resin-based splint materials were analyzed: LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (DMG), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (Detax), optiprint splint (Dentona), KeySplint Soft (KeyPrint), FREEPRINT ortho (Detax), V-Print splint comfort (Voco). Grid-shaped specimens were fabricated using the recommended workflow of each manufacturer (n = 18). TPO extraction was conducted using a maximum of eight extraction cycles of 72 h at a temperature of 37 °C until no more TPO eluates were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The margin of safety (MoS) was calculated as the ratio between the Derived No-Effect Level (DNEL) and the estimated exposure based on the amount of TPO extracted. <b>Results</b>: The total amount of extracted TPO was the lowest for LuxaPrint Ortho Plus (Mean ± SD; 44.0 ± 17.1 ng/mL), followed by optiprint splint (80.6 ± 21.1 ng/mL), FREEPRINT splint 2.0 (127.4 ± 25.3 ng/mL), FREEPRINT ortho (2813.2 ± 348.0 ng/mL), V-Print splint comfort (33,424.6 ± 8357.9 ng/mL) and KeySplint Soft (42,083.5 ± 3175.2 ng/mL). For all tested materials, the calculated MoS was above the critical value of 1, demonstrating toxicological safety in the cured, clinically relevant state. <b>Conclusions</b>: Large differences in the residual TPO content were observed between the materials. Although the TPO content in the uncured state may exceed toxicological safety limits, appropriate curing of the investigated materials resulted in a significant reduction in TPO elution and, thus, in products with a very low toxicological risk for the patient.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/443D printingadditive manufacturingocclusal splintsphotoinitiatorTPOextraction |
| spellingShingle | Philipp Messer-Hannemann Max Wienhold Hoda Esbak Alexander Brunner Andreas Schönebaum Falk Schwendicke Susanne Effenberger Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials Biomedicines 3D printing additive manufacturing occlusal splints photoinitiator TPO extraction |
| title | Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials |
| title_full | Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials |
| title_fullStr | Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials |
| title_full_unstemmed | Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials |
| title_short | Residual TPO Content of Photopolymerized Additively Manufactured Dental Occlusal Splint Materials |
| title_sort | residual tpo content of photopolymerized additively manufactured dental occlusal splint materials |
| topic | 3D printing additive manufacturing occlusal splints photoinitiator TPO extraction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/13/1/44 |
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