Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users
Abstract Background Supervised machine learning is increasingly being used to estimate clinical predictive models. Several supervised machine learning models involve hyper-parameters, whose values must be judiciously specified to ensure adequate predictive performance. Objective To compare several (...
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2025-05-01
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-025-02561-x |
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| author | Christopher Meaney Xuesong Wang Jun Guan Therese A. Stukel |
| author_facet | Christopher Meaney Xuesong Wang Jun Guan Therese A. Stukel |
| author_sort | Christopher Meaney |
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| description | Abstract Background Supervised machine learning is increasingly being used to estimate clinical predictive models. Several supervised machine learning models involve hyper-parameters, whose values must be judiciously specified to ensure adequate predictive performance. Objective To compare several (nine) hyper-parameter optimization (HPO) methods, for tuning the hyper-parameters of an extreme gradient boosting model, with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users. Methods Extreme gradient boosting models were estimated using a randomly sampled training dataset. Models were separately trained using nine different HPO methods: 1) random sampling, 2) simulated annealing, 3) quasi-Monte Carlo sampling, 4-5) two variations of Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via tree-Parzen estimation, 6-7) two implementations of Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via Gaussian processes, 8) Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via random forests, and 9) the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy. For each HPO method, we estimated 100 extreme gradient boosting models at different hyper-parameter configurations; and evaluated model performance using an AUC metric on a randomly sampled validation dataset. Using the best model identified by each HPO method, we evaluated generalization performance in terms of discrimination and calibration metrics on a randomly sampled held-out test dataset (internal validation) and a temporally independent dataset (external validation). Results The extreme gradient boosting model estimated using default hyper-parameter settings had reasonable discrimination (AUC=0.82) but was not well calibrated. Hyper-parameter tuning using any HPO algorithm/sampler improved model discrimination (AUC=0.84), resulted in models with near perfect calibration, and consistently identified features predictive of high-need high-cost health care users. Conclusions In our study, all HPO algorithms resulted in similar gains in model performance relative to baseline models. This finding likely relates to our study dataset having a large sample size, a relatively small number of features, and a strong signal to noise ratio; and would likely apply to other datasets with similar characteristics. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-e0034432aa2f49639f7beaa72357d3be |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Medical Research Methodology |
| spelling | doaj-art-e0034432aa2f49639f7beaa72357d3be2025-08-20T03:53:57ZengBMCBMC Medical Research Methodology1471-22882025-05-0125111310.1186/s12874-025-02561-xComparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care usersChristopher Meaney0Xuesong Wang1Jun Guan2Therese A. Stukel3Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of TorontoICESICESICESAbstract Background Supervised machine learning is increasingly being used to estimate clinical predictive models. Several supervised machine learning models involve hyper-parameters, whose values must be judiciously specified to ensure adequate predictive performance. Objective To compare several (nine) hyper-parameter optimization (HPO) methods, for tuning the hyper-parameters of an extreme gradient boosting model, with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users. Methods Extreme gradient boosting models were estimated using a randomly sampled training dataset. Models were separately trained using nine different HPO methods: 1) random sampling, 2) simulated annealing, 3) quasi-Monte Carlo sampling, 4-5) two variations of Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via tree-Parzen estimation, 6-7) two implementations of Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via Gaussian processes, 8) Bayesian hyper-parameter optimization via random forests, and 9) the covariance matrix adaptation evolutionary strategy. For each HPO method, we estimated 100 extreme gradient boosting models at different hyper-parameter configurations; and evaluated model performance using an AUC metric on a randomly sampled validation dataset. Using the best model identified by each HPO method, we evaluated generalization performance in terms of discrimination and calibration metrics on a randomly sampled held-out test dataset (internal validation) and a temporally independent dataset (external validation). Results The extreme gradient boosting model estimated using default hyper-parameter settings had reasonable discrimination (AUC=0.82) but was not well calibrated. Hyper-parameter tuning using any HPO algorithm/sampler improved model discrimination (AUC=0.84), resulted in models with near perfect calibration, and consistently identified features predictive of high-need high-cost health care users. Conclusions In our study, all HPO algorithms resulted in similar gains in model performance relative to baseline models. This finding likely relates to our study dataset having a large sample size, a relatively small number of features, and a strong signal to noise ratio; and would likely apply to other datasets with similar characteristics.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-025-02561-xSupervised machine learningClinical predictive modellingPrediction modelHyper-parameter optimization (HPO)Hyper-parameter tuning (HPT)Extreme gradient boosting classifier |
| spellingShingle | Christopher Meaney Xuesong Wang Jun Guan Therese A. Stukel Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users BMC Medical Research Methodology Supervised machine learning Clinical predictive modelling Prediction model Hyper-parameter optimization (HPO) Hyper-parameter tuning (HPT) Extreme gradient boosting classifier |
| title | Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users |
| title_full | Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users |
| title_short | Comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper-parameters: with application to predicting high-need high-cost health care users |
| title_sort | comparison of methods for tuning machine learning model hyper parameters with application to predicting high need high cost health care users |
| topic | Supervised machine learning Clinical predictive modelling Prediction model Hyper-parameter optimization (HPO) Hyper-parameter tuning (HPT) Extreme gradient boosting classifier |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-025-02561-x |
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