Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a brief training intervention for occupational health services (OHS) professionals on multiprofessional resource utilization and the costs of biopsychosocial management of patients with low-back pain (LBP) compared to usual care among all par...

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Main Authors: Maija Paukkunen, Jaro Karppinen, Birgitta Öberg, Leena Ala-Mursula, Eveliina Heikkala, Katja Ryynänen, Riikka Holopainen, Samuel Booth, Neill Booth, Allan Abbott
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH) 2025-05-01
Series:Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
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Online Access: https://www.sjweh.fi/article/4212
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author Maija Paukkunen
Jaro Karppinen
Birgitta Öberg
Leena Ala-Mursula
Eveliina Heikkala
Katja Ryynänen
Riikka Holopainen
Samuel Booth
Neill Booth
Allan Abbott
author_facet Maija Paukkunen
Jaro Karppinen
Birgitta Öberg
Leena Ala-Mursula
Eveliina Heikkala
Katja Ryynänen
Riikka Holopainen
Samuel Booth
Neill Booth
Allan Abbott
author_sort Maija Paukkunen
collection DOAJ
description OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a brief training intervention for occupational health services (OHS) professionals on multiprofessional resource utilization and the costs of biopsychosocial management of patients with low-back pain (LBP) compared to usual care among all participants and those in work disability-based risk groups. METHODS: OHS utilization and back-related sick leave data were collected from electronic patient records over one-year follow-up comparing 232 patients in the intervention arm and 80 control-arm patients, stratified for risk of work disability based on the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. We estimated costs using linear mixed models by multiplying unit costs (in euros) by each type of OHS resource use (visits to physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, use of imaging) and the number of sick leaves. Estimated mean cost differences with confidence intervals (CI) were reported using bootstrapping to deal with skewed cost data. RESULTS: The median number of visits to physicians and physiotherapists in the intervention versus control arms was 1 [interquartile range (IQR) 0–3] and 2 (IQR 1–4) versus 2 (IQR 1–3) and 1 (IQR 0–2), respectively. The intervention arm accrued lower physician costs (€-43, 95% CI €-82– -3, P=0.034) and higher physiotherapist costs (€55, 95% CI €26–84, P<0.001) compared to the control arm. There was no statistically significant difference in average total costs between the arms (€-1908, 95% CI €-6734–2919). In the low- and medium-risk groups of work disability, physiotherapist costs were higher in the intervention than control arm, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the arms in the total resource utilization or sickness absence costs. CONCLUSIONS: Brief biopsychosocial training may support shifting OHS resources towards multiprofessional physiotherapist-driven care, instead of solely physician-driven care, for management of patients with LBP in differing risk groups of work disability with no substantial differences in total costs.
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spelling doaj-art-dff5516bcf5d43fb83c69a40a65a33682025-08-20T03:15:15ZengNordic Association of Occupational Safety and Health (NOROSH)Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health0355-31401795-990X2025-05-0151320121310.5271/sjweh.42124212Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary careMaija Paukkunen0Jaro Karppinen1Birgitta Öberg2Leena Ala-Mursula3Eveliina Heikkala4Katja Ryynänen5Riikka Holopainen6Samuel Booth7Neill Booth8Allan Abbott9Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, PO Box 8000, University of Oulu, 90014, Oulu, Finland.OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a brief training intervention for occupational health services (OHS) professionals on multiprofessional resource utilization and the costs of biopsychosocial management of patients with low-back pain (LBP) compared to usual care among all participants and those in work disability-based risk groups. METHODS: OHS utilization and back-related sick leave data were collected from electronic patient records over one-year follow-up comparing 232 patients in the intervention arm and 80 control-arm patients, stratified for risk of work disability based on the Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire. We estimated costs using linear mixed models by multiplying unit costs (in euros) by each type of OHS resource use (visits to physicians, physiotherapists, nurses, use of imaging) and the number of sick leaves. Estimated mean cost differences with confidence intervals (CI) were reported using bootstrapping to deal with skewed cost data. RESULTS: The median number of visits to physicians and physiotherapists in the intervention versus control arms was 1 [interquartile range (IQR) 0–3] and 2 (IQR 1–4) versus 2 (IQR 1–3) and 1 (IQR 0–2), respectively. The intervention arm accrued lower physician costs (€-43, 95% CI €-82– -3, P=0.034) and higher physiotherapist costs (€55, 95% CI €26–84, P<0.001) compared to the control arm. There was no statistically significant difference in average total costs between the arms (€-1908, 95% CI €-6734–2919). In the low- and medium-risk groups of work disability, physiotherapist costs were higher in the intervention than control arm, but no statistically significant differences were observed between the arms in the total resource utilization or sickness absence costs. CONCLUSIONS: Brief biopsychosocial training may support shifting OHS resources towards multiprofessional physiotherapist-driven care, instead of solely physician-driven care, for management of patients with LBP in differing risk groups of work disability with no substantial differences in total costs. https://www.sjweh.fi/article/4212 low-back painoccupational healthscreeningoccupational health servicehealth services researchreturn to workpainworkabilityresourcecluster-randomized trialimplementation researchrisk stratificationörebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnairecost analysisbiopsychosocial managementoccupational health primary care
spellingShingle Maija Paukkunen
Jaro Karppinen
Birgitta Öberg
Leena Ala-Mursula
Eveliina Heikkala
Katja Ryynänen
Riikka Holopainen
Samuel Booth
Neill Booth
Allan Abbott
Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health
low-back pain
occupational health
screening
occupational health service
health services research
return to work
pain
workability
resource
cluster-randomized trial
implementation research
risk stratification
örebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire
cost analysis
biopsychosocial management
occupational health primary care
title Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
title_full Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
title_fullStr Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
title_full_unstemmed Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
title_short Cost analysis comparing guideline-oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low-back pain: a cluster-randomized trial in occupational health primary care
title_sort cost analysis comparing guideline oriented biopsychosocial management to usual care for low back pain a cluster randomized trial in occupational health primary care
topic low-back pain
occupational health
screening
occupational health service
health services research
return to work
pain
workability
resource
cluster-randomized trial
implementation research
risk stratification
örebro musculoskeletal pain screening questionnaire
cost analysis
biopsychosocial management
occupational health primary care
url https://www.sjweh.fi/article/4212
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