Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center
Conventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>max</mi>&l...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Orlando Panella Simone Pacetti Giorgio Immirzi Yogendra Srivastava |
| author_facet | Orlando Panella Simone Pacetti Giorgio Immirzi Yogendra Srivastava |
| author_sort | Orlando Panella |
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| description | Conventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><mn>4</mn><mi>G</mi></mfenced><mo>≃</mo><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mn>3</mn><mo>·</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>43</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> N that is realized for a black hole. In conjunction with the Wilson area rule, we are thus led to the surface confinement of the mass of a black hole analogous to the surface confinement of quarks. The central result of our paper is that PeV scale protons can be generated on the surface of a Kerr black hole. This result is in concert with the presence at the galactic center of that Pevatron accelerating mechanism first suggested by the H.E.S.S. Collaboration and further confirmed by the HAWC Observatory. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dfed780b65c146c5ad159da3ceffc7d6 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2218-1997 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Universe |
| spelling | doaj-art-dfed780b65c146c5ad159da3ceffc7d62025-08-20T03:47:58ZengMDPI AGUniverse2218-19972025-05-0111516010.3390/universe11050160Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy CenterOrlando Panella0Simone Pacetti1Giorgio Immirzi2Yogendra Srivastava3INFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, ItalyINFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, ItalyUniversità degli Studi di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, ItalyINFN Sezione di Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, ItalyConventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><mn>4</mn><mi>G</mi></mfenced><mo>≃</mo><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mn>3</mn><mo>·</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>43</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> N that is realized for a black hole. In conjunction with the Wilson area rule, we are thus led to the surface confinement of the mass of a black hole analogous to the surface confinement of quarks. The central result of our paper is that PeV scale protons can be generated on the surface of a Kerr black hole. This result is in concert with the presence at the galactic center of that Pevatron accelerating mechanism first suggested by the H.E.S.S. Collaboration and further confirmed by the HAWC Observatory.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/5/160black holesvery high-energy cosmic rays |
| spellingShingle | Orlando Panella Simone Pacetti Giorgio Immirzi Yogendra Srivastava Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center Universe black holes very high-energy cosmic rays |
| title | Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center |
| title_full | Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center |
| title_fullStr | Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center |
| title_short | Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center |
| title_sort | kerr black hole as a pevatron at the galaxy center |
| topic | black holes very high-energy cosmic rays |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/5/160 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT orlandopanella kerrblackholeasapevatronatthegalaxycenter AT simonepacetti kerrblackholeasapevatronatthegalaxycenter AT giorgioimmirzi kerrblackholeasapevatronatthegalaxycenter AT yogendrasrivastava kerrblackholeasapevatronatthegalaxycenter |