Kerr Black Hole as a Pevatron at the Galaxy Center

Conventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>max</mi>&l...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Orlando Panella, Simone Pacetti, Giorgio Immirzi, Yogendra Srivastava
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Universe
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1997/11/5/160
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Summary:Conventional general relativity supplies the notion of a vacuum tension and thus a maximum force <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>F</mi><mi>max</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><msup><mi>c</mi><mn>4</mn></msup><mo>/</mo><mfenced separators="" open="(" close=")"><mn>4</mn><mi>G</mi></mfenced><mo>≃</mo><mspace width="4pt"></mspace><mn>3</mn><mo>·</mo><msup><mn>10</mn><mn>43</mn></msup></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> N that is realized for a black hole. In conjunction with the Wilson area rule, we are thus led to the surface confinement of the mass of a black hole analogous to the surface confinement of quarks. The central result of our paper is that PeV scale protons can be generated on the surface of a Kerr black hole. This result is in concert with the presence at the galactic center of that Pevatron accelerating mechanism first suggested by the H.E.S.S. Collaboration and further confirmed by the HAWC Observatory.
ISSN:2218-1997