The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted a massive global vaccination campaign, leading to the rapid development and deployment of several vaccines. Various COVID-19 vaccines are under different phases of c...
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2024-10-01
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| author | Radha Gopalaswamy Vivekanandhan Aravindhan Selvakumar Subbian |
| author_facet | Radha Gopalaswamy Vivekanandhan Aravindhan Selvakumar Subbian |
| author_sort | Radha Gopalaswamy |
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| description | The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted a massive global vaccination campaign, leading to the rapid development and deployment of several vaccines. Various COVID-19 vaccines are under different phases of clinical trials and include the whole virus or its parts like DNA, mRNA, or protein subunits administered directly or through vectors. Beginning in 2020, a few mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) and adenovirus-based (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S and the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S) vaccines were recommended by WHO for emergency use before the completion of the phase 3 and 4 trials. These vaccines were mostly administered in two or three doses at a defined frequency between the two doses. While these vaccines, mainly based on viral nucleic acids or protein conferred protection against the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection into severe COVID-19, and prevented death due to the disease, their use has also been accompanied by a plethora of side effects. Common side effects include localized reactions such as pain at the injection site, as well as systemic reactions like fever, fatigue, and headache. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and resolve within a few days. However, rare but more serious side effects have been reported, including allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and, in some cases, myocarditis or pericarditis, particularly in younger males. Ongoing surveillance and research efforts continue to refine the understanding of these adverse effects, providing critical insights into the risk-benefit profile of COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the overall safety profile supports the continued use of these vaccines in combating the pandemic, with regulatory agencies and health organizations emphasizing the importance of vaccination in preventing COVID-19’s severe outcomes. In this review, we describe different types of COVID-19 vaccines and summarize various adverse effects due to autoimmune and inflammatory response(s) manifesting predominantly as cardiac, hematological, neurological, and psychological dysfunctions. The incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of different adverse effects and possible mechanisms contributing to these effects are discussed. The review highlights the potential ambivalence of human response post-COVID-19 vaccination and necessitates the need to mitigate the adverse side effects. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dfd67eaf388041d29b37d32564037cd0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-dfd67eaf388041d29b37d32564037cd02025-08-20T02:11:14ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2024-10-011410132010.3390/biom14101320The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in HumansRadha Gopalaswamy0Vivekanandhan Aravindhan1Selvakumar Subbian2Directorate of Distance Education, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, IndiaDepartment of Genetics, Dr Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliyar Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences (Dr ALM PG IBMS), University of Madras, Taramani, Chennai 600005, IndiaPublic Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, USAThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted a massive global vaccination campaign, leading to the rapid development and deployment of several vaccines. Various COVID-19 vaccines are under different phases of clinical trials and include the whole virus or its parts like DNA, mRNA, or protein subunits administered directly or through vectors. Beginning in 2020, a few mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Moderna mRNA-1273) and adenovirus-based (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S and the Janssen Ad26.COV2.S) vaccines were recommended by WHO for emergency use before the completion of the phase 3 and 4 trials. These vaccines were mostly administered in two or three doses at a defined frequency between the two doses. While these vaccines, mainly based on viral nucleic acids or protein conferred protection against the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection into severe COVID-19, and prevented death due to the disease, their use has also been accompanied by a plethora of side effects. Common side effects include localized reactions such as pain at the injection site, as well as systemic reactions like fever, fatigue, and headache. These symptoms are generally mild to moderate and resolve within a few days. However, rare but more serious side effects have been reported, including allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis and, in some cases, myocarditis or pericarditis, particularly in younger males. Ongoing surveillance and research efforts continue to refine the understanding of these adverse effects, providing critical insights into the risk-benefit profile of COVID-19 vaccines. Nonetheless, the overall safety profile supports the continued use of these vaccines in combating the pandemic, with regulatory agencies and health organizations emphasizing the importance of vaccination in preventing COVID-19’s severe outcomes. In this review, we describe different types of COVID-19 vaccines and summarize various adverse effects due to autoimmune and inflammatory response(s) manifesting predominantly as cardiac, hematological, neurological, and psychological dysfunctions. The incidence, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnosis, and management of different adverse effects and possible mechanisms contributing to these effects are discussed. The review highlights the potential ambivalence of human response post-COVID-19 vaccination and necessitates the need to mitigate the adverse side effects.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/10/1320autoimmunityproinflammatory responseBell’s palsyGuillain–Barré syndromeimmune activationadverse effects |
| spellingShingle | Radha Gopalaswamy Vivekanandhan Aravindhan Selvakumar Subbian The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans Biomolecules autoimmunity proinflammatory response Bell’s palsy Guillain–Barré syndrome immune activation adverse effects |
| title | The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans |
| title_full | The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans |
| title_fullStr | The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans |
| title_short | The Ambivalence of Post COVID-19 Vaccination Responses in Humans |
| title_sort | ambivalence of post covid 19 vaccination responses in humans |
| topic | autoimmunity proinflammatory response Bell’s palsy Guillain–Barré syndrome immune activation adverse effects |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/14/10/1320 |
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