Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase

Sex-related differences in asparagine metabolism are associated with cancer prognosis. However, the effect of exogenous asparagine on colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in men and women remains unclear. This study aims to understand the relationship between exogenous asparagine supplementation and 17β-e...

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Main Authors: Oladimeji Aladelokun, Katherine Benitez, Yuying Wang, Abhishek Jain, Domenica Berardi, Georgio Maroun, Xinyi Shen, Jatin Roper, Joanna Gibson, Kaelyn Sumigray, Sajid A. Khan, Caroline H. Johnson
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-05-01
Series:Pharmacological Research
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661825001616
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author Oladimeji Aladelokun
Katherine Benitez
Yuying Wang
Abhishek Jain
Domenica Berardi
Georgio Maroun
Xinyi Shen
Jatin Roper
Joanna Gibson
Kaelyn Sumigray
Sajid A. Khan
Caroline H. Johnson
author_facet Oladimeji Aladelokun
Katherine Benitez
Yuying Wang
Abhishek Jain
Domenica Berardi
Georgio Maroun
Xinyi Shen
Jatin Roper
Joanna Gibson
Kaelyn Sumigray
Sajid A. Khan
Caroline H. Johnson
author_sort Oladimeji Aladelokun
collection DOAJ
description Sex-related differences in asparagine metabolism are associated with cancer prognosis. However, the effect of exogenous asparagine on colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in men and women remains unclear. This study aims to understand the relationship between exogenous asparagine supplementation and 17β-estradiol levels and to elucidate mechanisms underlying sex-dependent signaling during CRC development. We administered asparagine intraperitoneally to tumor-bearing male and female immunodeficient Rag2/Il2RG (R2G2) mice. Asparagine supplementation caused a significant increase in tumor asparagine levels in both the tumor-bearing male and female R2G2 mice but increased serum estradiol levels and suppressed tumor growth in female R2G2 mice only. Additionally, we combined transcriptome, metabolome, and immunochemical analyses, and found that intraperitoneal asparagine treatment induced sex-dependent intra-tumoral metabolic changes to asparagine, aspartate, glutamine and glutamate levels. We observed that in females, exogenous asparagine exerts a negative feed-back effect on de novo asparagine synthesis and is associated with the activation of a sub-population of macrophages that may secrete 17β-estradiol via an aromatase or cytochrome P450 family 19 (CYP19)-dependent mechanism. Conversely, in male mice, asparagine treatment augments tumor growth, and is related to decreased numbers of macrophages, and a reduction in CYP19-mediated 17β-estradiol secretion . Overall, our results reveal a novel and sex-specific role for exogenous asparagine during cancer progression and underscores the importance of understanding mechanisms that control asparagine biosynthesis.
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spelling doaj-art-dfd28f4750f64b5ca27049c61eaf8a312025-08-20T02:30:14ZengElsevierPharmacological Research1096-11862025-05-0121510773610.1016/j.phrs.2025.107736Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromataseOladimeji Aladelokun0Katherine Benitez1Yuying Wang2Abhishek Jain3Domenica Berardi4Georgio Maroun5Xinyi Shen6Jatin Roper7Joanna Gibson8Kaelyn Sumigray9Sajid A. Khan10Caroline H. Johnson11Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Translational Biomedicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USADivision of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, NC, USADepartment of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USADepartment of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USADivision of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Corresponding authors.Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Corresponding authors.Sex-related differences in asparagine metabolism are associated with cancer prognosis. However, the effect of exogenous asparagine on colorectal cancer (CRC) growth in men and women remains unclear. This study aims to understand the relationship between exogenous asparagine supplementation and 17β-estradiol levels and to elucidate mechanisms underlying sex-dependent signaling during CRC development. We administered asparagine intraperitoneally to tumor-bearing male and female immunodeficient Rag2/Il2RG (R2G2) mice. Asparagine supplementation caused a significant increase in tumor asparagine levels in both the tumor-bearing male and female R2G2 mice but increased serum estradiol levels and suppressed tumor growth in female R2G2 mice only. Additionally, we combined transcriptome, metabolome, and immunochemical analyses, and found that intraperitoneal asparagine treatment induced sex-dependent intra-tumoral metabolic changes to asparagine, aspartate, glutamine and glutamate levels. We observed that in females, exogenous asparagine exerts a negative feed-back effect on de novo asparagine synthesis and is associated with the activation of a sub-population of macrophages that may secrete 17β-estradiol via an aromatase or cytochrome P450 family 19 (CYP19)-dependent mechanism. Conversely, in male mice, asparagine treatment augments tumor growth, and is related to decreased numbers of macrophages, and a reduction in CYP19-mediated 17β-estradiol secretion . Overall, our results reveal a novel and sex-specific role for exogenous asparagine during cancer progression and underscores the importance of understanding mechanisms that control asparagine biosynthesis.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661825001616Gastrointestinal cancer- colorectalAsparaginePre-clinical modelsEstrogen signalingSex differencesAromatase
spellingShingle Oladimeji Aladelokun
Katherine Benitez
Yuying Wang
Abhishek Jain
Domenica Berardi
Georgio Maroun
Xinyi Shen
Jatin Roper
Joanna Gibson
Kaelyn Sumigray
Sajid A. Khan
Caroline H. Johnson
Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
Pharmacological Research
Gastrointestinal cancer- colorectal
Asparagine
Pre-clinical models
Estrogen signaling
Sex differences
Aromatase
title Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
title_full Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
title_fullStr Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
title_full_unstemmed Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
title_short Sex-specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth, 17β-estradiol levels, and aromatase
title_sort sex specific effects of exogenous asparagine on colorectal tumor growth 17β estradiol levels and aromatase
topic Gastrointestinal cancer- colorectal
Asparagine
Pre-clinical models
Estrogen signaling
Sex differences
Aromatase
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661825001616
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