Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand

Background The side effect of allopurinol was severe allopurinol hypersensitivity (SAH). There are two major causes including genetic risk factor, HLA-B*58:01 and non-genetic risk factors including female, old age, renal impairment, inadequate starting dosage of allopurinol and received diuretic. Al...

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Main Authors: Patapong Towiwat, Suppachai Lawanaskol, Wichittra Tassaneeyakul, Chonlaphat Sukasem, Niwat Saksit, Nontaya Nakkam, Duangkamon Poolpun, Ticha Rerkpattanapipat, Jettanong Klaewsongkram, Pawinee Rerknimitr, Worawit Louthrenoo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: World Scientific Publishing 2024-01-01
Series:Journal of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology
Online Access:https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2661341724741000
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author Patapong Towiwat
Suppachai Lawanaskol
Wichittra Tassaneeyakul
Chonlaphat Sukasem
Niwat Saksit
Nontaya Nakkam
Duangkamon Poolpun
Ticha Rerkpattanapipat
Jettanong Klaewsongkram
Pawinee Rerknimitr
Worawit Louthrenoo
author_facet Patapong Towiwat
Suppachai Lawanaskol
Wichittra Tassaneeyakul
Chonlaphat Sukasem
Niwat Saksit
Nontaya Nakkam
Duangkamon Poolpun
Ticha Rerkpattanapipat
Jettanong Klaewsongkram
Pawinee Rerknimitr
Worawit Louthrenoo
author_sort Patapong Towiwat
collection DOAJ
description Background The side effect of allopurinol was severe allopurinol hypersensitivity (SAH). There are two major causes including genetic risk factor, HLA-B*58:01 and non-genetic risk factors including female, old age, renal impairment, inadequate starting dosage of allopurinol and received diuretic. Although HLA-B*58:01 testing is recommended in Thai, the several problems including cost, limitation of the testing and the delay of the result. Therefore, we aimed to use these non-genetic risk factors for developing the model to predict SAH. Method The study was a retrospective observational incidence density sampling. SAH cases were collected from tertiary care medical center which some cases were referred from primary care medical center; where most non-SAH cases were collected from primary care hospitals and tertiary care medical centers. The data of non-genetic factors particularly sex, age, renal function, co-diuresis, starting dosage of allopurinol and serum uric acid (SUA) of non-SAH cases selected the first description of allopurinol. The binary prevalence-weighted logistic regression statistical method was used to develop the prediction models. Three models were developed following general practice. Result Totally, there were 209 cases of SAH and 23,068 cases of non-SAH. Factors that were associated with the development of SAH within 90 days were female, old age (¿ 65 years old), renal impairment, inadequate starting dosage of allopurinol, co-medication(s) with diuretic and high SUA before prescription of allopurinol. Model 1a and model 1b were applied for patients who did not have and have SUA when starting allopurinol, respectively. Model 2 was applied for patients who had all non-genetic risk factors and started allopurinol within 60 days but have not SAH. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for model 1a, model 1b and model 2 were 0.72, 0.81 and 0.82, respectively (Figure 1). The performance for each predictions SAH were good. Conclusion Model 1a and model 1b predict SAH for the patients who had their first prescribed allopurinol, model 2 predicts SAH for the patients who had been taken allopurinol within 60 days but no SAH. The scoring system of each model helps clinician to prescribe allopurinol in real clinical practice before the patients develop SAH. The score of 0-1%, 1-2% and 2-100% indicates the low, moderate and high risk, respectively. The low-risk group can start allopurinol. The moderate-risk group considers to start allopurinol with closed monitoring of SAH. The high-risk group suggests to change to other urate lowering agents for preventing SAH (Table 1).
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spelling doaj-art-dfbeffa3510546848dae1414dc4322f02025-08-20T02:14:14ZengWorld Scientific PublishingJournal of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology2661-34172661-34252024-01-0124supp0115115210.1142/S2661341724741000Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in ThailandPatapong Towiwat0Suppachai Lawanaskol1Wichittra Tassaneeyakul2Chonlaphat Sukasem3Niwat Saksit4Nontaya Nakkam5Duangkamon Poolpun6Ticha Rerkpattanapipat7Jettanong Klaewsongkram8Pawinee Rerknimitr9Worawit Louthrenoo10Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, ThailandChaiprakan hospital, Chiang Mai, ThailandKhon Kaen university, Khon Kaen, ThailandMahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandUniversity of Phayao, Phayao, ThailandKhon Kaen university, Khon Kaen, ThailandBuddhachinaraj hospital, Phitsanulok, ThailandMahidol University, Bangkok, ThailandChulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandChulalongkorn University, Bangkok, ThailandChiang Mai University, Chiang mai, ThailandBackground The side effect of allopurinol was severe allopurinol hypersensitivity (SAH). There are two major causes including genetic risk factor, HLA-B*58:01 and non-genetic risk factors including female, old age, renal impairment, inadequate starting dosage of allopurinol and received diuretic. Although HLA-B*58:01 testing is recommended in Thai, the several problems including cost, limitation of the testing and the delay of the result. Therefore, we aimed to use these non-genetic risk factors for developing the model to predict SAH. Method The study was a retrospective observational incidence density sampling. SAH cases were collected from tertiary care medical center which some cases were referred from primary care medical center; where most non-SAH cases were collected from primary care hospitals and tertiary care medical centers. The data of non-genetic factors particularly sex, age, renal function, co-diuresis, starting dosage of allopurinol and serum uric acid (SUA) of non-SAH cases selected the first description of allopurinol. The binary prevalence-weighted logistic regression statistical method was used to develop the prediction models. Three models were developed following general practice. Result Totally, there were 209 cases of SAH and 23,068 cases of non-SAH. Factors that were associated with the development of SAH within 90 days were female, old age (¿ 65 years old), renal impairment, inadequate starting dosage of allopurinol, co-medication(s) with diuretic and high SUA before prescription of allopurinol. Model 1a and model 1b were applied for patients who did not have and have SUA when starting allopurinol, respectively. Model 2 was applied for patients who had all non-genetic risk factors and started allopurinol within 60 days but have not SAH. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for model 1a, model 1b and model 2 were 0.72, 0.81 and 0.82, respectively (Figure 1). The performance for each predictions SAH were good. Conclusion Model 1a and model 1b predict SAH for the patients who had their first prescribed allopurinol, model 2 predicts SAH for the patients who had been taken allopurinol within 60 days but no SAH. The scoring system of each model helps clinician to prescribe allopurinol in real clinical practice before the patients develop SAH. The score of 0-1%, 1-2% and 2-100% indicates the low, moderate and high risk, respectively. The low-risk group can start allopurinol. The moderate-risk group considers to start allopurinol with closed monitoring of SAH. The high-risk group suggests to change to other urate lowering agents for preventing SAH (Table 1).https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2661341724741000
spellingShingle Patapong Towiwat
Suppachai Lawanaskol
Wichittra Tassaneeyakul
Chonlaphat Sukasem
Niwat Saksit
Nontaya Nakkam
Duangkamon Poolpun
Ticha Rerkpattanapipat
Jettanong Klaewsongkram
Pawinee Rerknimitr
Worawit Louthrenoo
Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
Journal of Clinical Rheumatology and Immunology
title Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
title_full Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
title_fullStr Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
title_full_unstemmed Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
title_short Development of Non-Genetic Risk Stratification Model of Severe Allopurinol Hypersensitivity (NoG-ALLOH Score): A Multicenter Study in Thailand
title_sort development of non genetic risk stratification model of severe allopurinol hypersensitivity nog alloh score a multicenter study in thailand
url https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S2661341724741000
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