Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability

Ridge and furrow (RF) crop cultivation systems with crops planted in furrows or on ridges, modifies soil properties by altering field topography and optimizing water and N fluxes as well as temperature regime. The RF cultivation can be used to mitigate environmental stresses that restrict crop produ...

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Main Authors: Kun Han, Guangxu Yao, Zhongrui Li, Yueying Wang, Mengjiao Li, Tangyuan Ning, Yakov Kuzyakov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-08-01
Series:Agricultural Water Management
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425003713
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author Kun Han
Guangxu Yao
Zhongrui Li
Yueying Wang
Mengjiao Li
Tangyuan Ning
Yakov Kuzyakov
author_facet Kun Han
Guangxu Yao
Zhongrui Li
Yueying Wang
Mengjiao Li
Tangyuan Ning
Yakov Kuzyakov
author_sort Kun Han
collection DOAJ
description Ridge and furrow (RF) crop cultivation systems with crops planted in furrows or on ridges, modifies soil properties by altering field topography and optimizing water and N fluxes as well as temperature regime. The RF cultivation can be used to mitigate environmental stresses that restrict crop production, such as drought, low temperatures, high soil bulk density, and even flooding. There is broad diversity of RF systems, each of which is tailored to specific objectives under local climatic and soil conditions. Despite the worldwide spread and importance of these cultivation systems, there is no clear systematization of RF fields or evaluation of changes in water and N fluxes compared with flat cultivation. Here, we performed a meta-analysis and literature review to provide a comprehensive characterization of RF cultivation on the basis of the main aims, and management of water and nutrients. The most important difference between RF and flat cultivation practices is the complete change in water infiltration and fluxes in soils as well as associated nutrient losses, especially nitrogen (N). Furrow planting involves the collection of rainwater in the rooted zone, providing an advantage under droughts. Increasing the N content in rooted soil is the main advantage of ridge planting, but the low soil moisture in ridges may limit N availability. Covering ridges with mulch optimizes water redistribution and reduces N leaching, NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions, which in turn increases the benefits of RF cultivation. With a broad range of crops, RF cultivation raises yield and N uptake, and generally increase N use efficiency (NUE; yield / N uptake) and water use efficiency (WUE; yield/evapotranspiration (ET)), and reduce ET, compared with flat planting. RF cultivation has good adaptability to climate change, effectively addressing various environmental stresses. Moderate temperatures maximize the rate of yield increase under RF cultivation. Furrow planting can more effectively increases yields in dry climates than in wet climates. Under humid conditions, ridge planting retains moisture in the ridges, thereby increasing WUE, NUE and yield, while reducing waterlogging. Factors such as microtopography, mulch coverage, stemflow, irrigation, climate, and plant uptake influence water and N redistribution, vertical and lateral infiltration. Lateral infiltration is critical in regulating soil moisture and water storage in the root zone, thereby reducing water loss and raising water uptake by roots. Preventing fertilizer N loss through water infiltration and maintaining N availability increase NUE and WUE, while reducing N losses. Modelling and upscaling of water and N fluxes in RF systems are highly challenging. Future research should focus on the redistribution of factors limiting crop growth via RF topography and mulching as well as to consider the specifics of soil surface modification.
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spelling doaj-art-dfb9388872e64884a808ffde24f5d9fa2025-08-20T03:09:23ZengElsevierAgricultural Water Management1873-22832025-08-0131710965710.1016/j.agwat.2025.109657Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptabilityKun Han0Guangxu Yao1Zhongrui Li2Yueying Wang3Mengjiao Li4Tangyuan Ning5Yakov Kuzyakov6State Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, ChinaState Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; Correspondence to: College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.State Key Laboratory for Wheat Improvement, Key Laboratory for Crop Water Physiology and Drought-tolerance Germplasm Improvement, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China; Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia; Corresponding author at: Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, University of Goettingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.Ridge and furrow (RF) crop cultivation systems with crops planted in furrows or on ridges, modifies soil properties by altering field topography and optimizing water and N fluxes as well as temperature regime. The RF cultivation can be used to mitigate environmental stresses that restrict crop production, such as drought, low temperatures, high soil bulk density, and even flooding. There is broad diversity of RF systems, each of which is tailored to specific objectives under local climatic and soil conditions. Despite the worldwide spread and importance of these cultivation systems, there is no clear systematization of RF fields or evaluation of changes in water and N fluxes compared with flat cultivation. Here, we performed a meta-analysis and literature review to provide a comprehensive characterization of RF cultivation on the basis of the main aims, and management of water and nutrients. The most important difference between RF and flat cultivation practices is the complete change in water infiltration and fluxes in soils as well as associated nutrient losses, especially nitrogen (N). Furrow planting involves the collection of rainwater in the rooted zone, providing an advantage under droughts. Increasing the N content in rooted soil is the main advantage of ridge planting, but the low soil moisture in ridges may limit N availability. Covering ridges with mulch optimizes water redistribution and reduces N leaching, NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions, which in turn increases the benefits of RF cultivation. With a broad range of crops, RF cultivation raises yield and N uptake, and generally increase N use efficiency (NUE; yield / N uptake) and water use efficiency (WUE; yield/evapotranspiration (ET)), and reduce ET, compared with flat planting. RF cultivation has good adaptability to climate change, effectively addressing various environmental stresses. Moderate temperatures maximize the rate of yield increase under RF cultivation. Furrow planting can more effectively increases yields in dry climates than in wet climates. Under humid conditions, ridge planting retains moisture in the ridges, thereby increasing WUE, NUE and yield, while reducing waterlogging. Factors such as microtopography, mulch coverage, stemflow, irrigation, climate, and plant uptake influence water and N redistribution, vertical and lateral infiltration. Lateral infiltration is critical in regulating soil moisture and water storage in the root zone, thereby reducing water loss and raising water uptake by roots. Preventing fertilizer N loss through water infiltration and maintaining N availability increase NUE and WUE, while reducing N losses. Modelling and upscaling of water and N fluxes in RF systems are highly challenging. Future research should focus on the redistribution of factors limiting crop growth via RF topography and mulching as well as to consider the specifics of soil surface modification.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425003713Ridge and furrow practiceWater fluxes in soilNutrient cyclesCultivation approachesLand use systems
spellingShingle Kun Han
Guangxu Yao
Zhongrui Li
Yueying Wang
Mengjiao Li
Tangyuan Ning
Yakov Kuzyakov
Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
Agricultural Water Management
Ridge and furrow practice
Water fluxes in soil
Nutrient cycles
Cultivation approaches
Land use systems
title Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
title_full Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
title_fullStr Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
title_full_unstemmed Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
title_short Ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
title_sort ridge and furrow cultivation raises water and nitrogen use efficiency and crop climate adaptability
topic Ridge and furrow practice
Water fluxes in soil
Nutrient cycles
Cultivation approaches
Land use systems
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377425003713
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