Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks

Smart cities face the challenge of balancing infrastructure development, pollution management and ecological sustainability, especially in unevenly developed regions in China's urban areas. A specific gap in current practice is the absence of integrated forecasting and evaluation tools capable...

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Main Authors: Jianjun Yang, Zixuan Zhu, Tris Kee, Zejun Xuan, Shuran Qin
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Environmental and Sustainability Indicators
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972725002041
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author Jianjun Yang
Zixuan Zhu
Tris Kee
Zejun Xuan
Shuran Qin
author_facet Jianjun Yang
Zixuan Zhu
Tris Kee
Zejun Xuan
Shuran Qin
author_sort Jianjun Yang
collection DOAJ
description Smart cities face the challenge of balancing infrastructure development, pollution management and ecological sustainability, especially in unevenly developed regions in China's urban areas. A specific gap in current practice is the absence of integrated forecasting and evaluation tools capable of addressing regional disparities and optimising sustainable urban planning. To fill the gap, this study proposes a novel integrated evaluation framework that combines TOPSIS, Coupled Coordination and Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) for time-series forecasting of indicators for systematic sustainability evaluation. The results indicate that the overall coordination level of China's 21 smart cities has gradually improved, exhibiting progressive coordination characteristics. The comprehensive evaluation framework effectively reflects the long-term changes in smart city development and reveals potential synergies between regions. This study provides an evaluation basis and a practical path for regional differentiation policy and optimal resource allocation.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2665-9727
language English
publishDate 2025-09-01
publisher Elsevier
record_format Article
series Environmental and Sustainability Indicators
spelling doaj-art-dfa46ca6031646fa8a75c4b352aa00362025-08-20T03:50:12ZengElsevierEnvironmental and Sustainability Indicators2665-97272025-09-012710078310.1016/j.indic.2025.100783Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networksJianjun Yang0Zixuan Zhu1Tris Kee2Zejun Xuan3Shuran Qin4Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Ploytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The Hong Kong Ploytechnic University, Hong Kong, ChinaDepartment of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Ploytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Corresponding author.Guangdong Institute of Arts and Sciences, Zhanjiang, ChinaGuangdong Institute of Arts and Sciences, Zhanjiang, ChinaSmart cities face the challenge of balancing infrastructure development, pollution management and ecological sustainability, especially in unevenly developed regions in China's urban areas. A specific gap in current practice is the absence of integrated forecasting and evaluation tools capable of addressing regional disparities and optimising sustainable urban planning. To fill the gap, this study proposes a novel integrated evaluation framework that combines TOPSIS, Coupled Coordination and Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) for time-series forecasting of indicators for systematic sustainability evaluation. The results indicate that the overall coordination level of China's 21 smart cities has gradually improved, exhibiting progressive coordination characteristics. The comprehensive evaluation framework effectively reflects the long-term changes in smart city development and reveals potential synergies between regions. This study provides an evaluation basis and a practical path for regional differentiation policy and optimal resource allocation.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972725002041Smart citiesSustainable developmentComprehensive evaluationCoupling coordination degreeTOPSISKolmogorov
spellingShingle Jianjun Yang
Zixuan Zhu
Tris Kee
Zejun Xuan
Shuran Qin
Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
Environmental and Sustainability Indicators
Smart cities
Sustainable development
Comprehensive evaluation
Coupling coordination degree
TOPSIS
Kolmogorov
title Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
title_full Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
title_fullStr Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
title_full_unstemmed Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
title_short Coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with Kolmogorov-Arnold networks
title_sort coupled evaluation and forecasting of smart city sustainability with kolmogorov arnold networks
topic Smart cities
Sustainable development
Comprehensive evaluation
Coupling coordination degree
TOPSIS
Kolmogorov
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2665972725002041
work_keys_str_mv AT jianjunyang coupledevaluationandforecastingofsmartcitysustainabilitywithkolmogorovarnoldnetworks
AT zixuanzhu coupledevaluationandforecastingofsmartcitysustainabilitywithkolmogorovarnoldnetworks
AT triskee coupledevaluationandforecastingofsmartcitysustainabilitywithkolmogorovarnoldnetworks
AT zejunxuan coupledevaluationandforecastingofsmartcitysustainabilitywithkolmogorovarnoldnetworks
AT shuranqin coupledevaluationandforecastingofsmartcitysustainabilitywithkolmogorovarnoldnetworks