Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers

Rapid progress in quantum technology has transformed quantum computing and quantum information science from theoretical possibilities into tangible engineering challenges. Breakthroughs in quantum algorithms, quantum simulations, and quantum error correction are bringing useful quantum computation c...

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Main Authors: Akel Hashim, Long B. Nguyen, Noah Goss, Brian Marinelli, Ravi K. Naik, Trevor Chistolini, Jordan Hines, J.P. Marceaux, Yosep Kim, Pranav Gokhale, Teague Tomesh, Senrui Chen, Liang Jiang, Samuele Ferracin, Kenneth Rudinger, Timothy Proctor, Kevin C. Young, Irfan Siddiqi, Robin Blume-Kohout
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: American Physical Society 2025-08-01
Series:PRX Quantum
Online Access:http://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.030202
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author Akel Hashim
Long B. Nguyen
Noah Goss
Brian Marinelli
Ravi K. Naik
Trevor Chistolini
Jordan Hines
J.P. Marceaux
Yosep Kim
Pranav Gokhale
Teague Tomesh
Senrui Chen
Liang Jiang
Samuele Ferracin
Kenneth Rudinger
Timothy Proctor
Kevin C. Young
Irfan Siddiqi
Robin Blume-Kohout
author_facet Akel Hashim
Long B. Nguyen
Noah Goss
Brian Marinelli
Ravi K. Naik
Trevor Chistolini
Jordan Hines
J.P. Marceaux
Yosep Kim
Pranav Gokhale
Teague Tomesh
Senrui Chen
Liang Jiang
Samuele Ferracin
Kenneth Rudinger
Timothy Proctor
Kevin C. Young
Irfan Siddiqi
Robin Blume-Kohout
author_sort Akel Hashim
collection DOAJ
description Rapid progress in quantum technology has transformed quantum computing and quantum information science from theoretical possibilities into tangible engineering challenges. Breakthroughs in quantum algorithms, quantum simulations, and quantum error correction are bringing useful quantum computation closer to fruition. These remarkable achievements have been facilitated by advances in quantum characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV). QCVV methods and protocols enable scientists and engineers to scrutinize, understand, and enhance the performance of quantum information-processing devices. In this tutorial, we review the fundamental principles underpinning QCVV, and introduce a diverse array of QCVV tools used by quantum researchers. We define and explain QCVV’s core models and concepts—quantum states, measurements, and processes—and illustrate how these building blocks are leveraged to examine a target system or operation. We survey and introduce protocols ranging from simple qubit characterization to advanced benchmarking methods. Along the way, we provide illustrated examples and detailed descriptions of the protocols, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their potential scalability to future large-scale quantum computers. This tutorial serves as a guidebook for researchers unfamiliar with the benchmarking and characterization of quantum computers, and also as a detailed reference for experienced practitioners.
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spelling doaj-art-df5e193adf46442a8fc5ad9010a5a1e72025-08-20T03:38:12ZengAmerican Physical SocietyPRX Quantum2691-33992025-08-016303020210.1103/PRXQuantum.6.030202Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum ComputersAkel HashimLong B. NguyenNoah GossBrian MarinelliRavi K. NaikTrevor ChistoliniJordan HinesJ.P. MarceauxYosep KimPranav GokhaleTeague TomeshSenrui ChenLiang JiangSamuele FerracinKenneth RudingerTimothy ProctorKevin C. YoungIrfan SiddiqiRobin Blume-KohoutRapid progress in quantum technology has transformed quantum computing and quantum information science from theoretical possibilities into tangible engineering challenges. Breakthroughs in quantum algorithms, quantum simulations, and quantum error correction are bringing useful quantum computation closer to fruition. These remarkable achievements have been facilitated by advances in quantum characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV). QCVV methods and protocols enable scientists and engineers to scrutinize, understand, and enhance the performance of quantum information-processing devices. In this tutorial, we review the fundamental principles underpinning QCVV, and introduce a diverse array of QCVV tools used by quantum researchers. We define and explain QCVV’s core models and concepts—quantum states, measurements, and processes—and illustrate how these building blocks are leveraged to examine a target system or operation. We survey and introduce protocols ranging from simple qubit characterization to advanced benchmarking methods. Along the way, we provide illustrated examples and detailed descriptions of the protocols, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their potential scalability to future large-scale quantum computers. This tutorial serves as a guidebook for researchers unfamiliar with the benchmarking and characterization of quantum computers, and also as a detailed reference for experienced practitioners.http://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.030202
spellingShingle Akel Hashim
Long B. Nguyen
Noah Goss
Brian Marinelli
Ravi K. Naik
Trevor Chistolini
Jordan Hines
J.P. Marceaux
Yosep Kim
Pranav Gokhale
Teague Tomesh
Senrui Chen
Liang Jiang
Samuele Ferracin
Kenneth Rudinger
Timothy Proctor
Kevin C. Young
Irfan Siddiqi
Robin Blume-Kohout
Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
PRX Quantum
title Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
title_full Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
title_fullStr Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
title_full_unstemmed Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
title_short Practical Introduction to Benchmarking and Characterization of Quantum Computers
title_sort practical introduction to benchmarking and characterization of quantum computers
url http://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.030202
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