Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches
Abstract Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a major global health threat, causing significant morbidity and mortality. MBVs belong to several distinct viral families, each with unique characteristics. The primary families include Flaviviridae (e.g., Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Enc...
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2025-02-01
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| Series: | Virology Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02622-z |
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| author | Ayyaz Khan Zakirullah Shahid Wahab Seong-Tshool Hong |
| author_facet | Ayyaz Khan Zakirullah Shahid Wahab Seong-Tshool Hong |
| author_sort | Ayyaz Khan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a major global health threat, causing significant morbidity and mortality. MBVs belong to several distinct viral families, each with unique characteristics. The primary families include Flaviviridae (e.g., Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis), transmitted predominantly by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; Togaviridae, which consists of the genus Alphavirus (e.g., Chikungunya, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis viruses), also transmitted by Aedes and Culex; Bunyaviridae (recently reorganized), containing viruses like Rift Valley Fever and Oropouche virus, transmitted by mosquitoes and sometimes sandflies; and Reoviridae, which includes the genus Orbivirus (e.g., West Nile and Bluetongue viruses), primarily affecting animals and transmitted by mosquitoes and sandflies. Despite extensive research, effective antiviral treatments for MBVs remain scarce, and current therapies mainly provide symptomatic relief and supportive care. This review examines the viral components and cellular and immune factors involved in the life cycle of MBVs. It also highlights recent advances in antiviral strategies targeting host factors such as lipid metabolism, ion channels, and proteasomes, as well as viral targets like NS2B-NS3 proteases and nonstructural proteins. Additionally, it explores immunomodulatory therapies to enhance antiviral responses and emphasizes the potential of drug repurposing, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and deep learning in identifying novel antiviral candidates. Continued research is crucial in mitigating MBVs’ impact and preventing future outbreaks. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df51f42c2f9844eb9cd2c1b08ed41c49 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1743-422X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Virology Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-df51f42c2f9844eb9cd2c1b08ed41c492025-02-09T12:12:09ZengBMCVirology Journal1743-422X2025-02-0122113610.1186/s12985-025-02622-zAdvances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approachesAyyaz Khan0Zakirullah1Shahid Wahab2Seong-Tshool Hong3Department of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical SchoolCollege of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyDepartment of Agriculture, Jeonbuk National UniversityDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Medical Science, Jeonbuk National University Medical SchoolAbstract Mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) are a major global health threat, causing significant morbidity and mortality. MBVs belong to several distinct viral families, each with unique characteristics. The primary families include Flaviviridae (e.g., Dengue, Zika, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis), transmitted predominantly by Aedes and Culex mosquitoes; Togaviridae, which consists of the genus Alphavirus (e.g., Chikungunya, Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis viruses), also transmitted by Aedes and Culex; Bunyaviridae (recently reorganized), containing viruses like Rift Valley Fever and Oropouche virus, transmitted by mosquitoes and sometimes sandflies; and Reoviridae, which includes the genus Orbivirus (e.g., West Nile and Bluetongue viruses), primarily affecting animals and transmitted by mosquitoes and sandflies. Despite extensive research, effective antiviral treatments for MBVs remain scarce, and current therapies mainly provide symptomatic relief and supportive care. This review examines the viral components and cellular and immune factors involved in the life cycle of MBVs. It also highlights recent advances in antiviral strategies targeting host factors such as lipid metabolism, ion channels, and proteasomes, as well as viral targets like NS2B-NS3 proteases and nonstructural proteins. Additionally, it explores immunomodulatory therapies to enhance antiviral responses and emphasizes the potential of drug repurposing, bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and deep learning in identifying novel antiviral candidates. Continued research is crucial in mitigating MBVs’ impact and preventing future outbreaks.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02622-zMosquitoes-borne-virusesPublic healthAntiviral therapyCellular factorsViral componentsImmune-related approaches |
| spellingShingle | Ayyaz Khan Zakirullah Shahid Wahab Seong-Tshool Hong Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches Virology Journal Mosquitoes-borne-viruses Public health Antiviral therapy Cellular factors Viral components Immune-related approaches |
| title | Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches |
| title_full | Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches |
| title_fullStr | Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches |
| title_short | Advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito-borne viruses: cellular, viral, and immune-related approaches |
| title_sort | advances in antiviral strategies targeting mosquito borne viruses cellular viral and immune related approaches |
| topic | Mosquitoes-borne-viruses Public health Antiviral therapy Cellular factors Viral components Immune-related approaches |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02622-z |
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