Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves
This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the biological properties of aqueous and aqueous–ethanolic leaf extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i>, which are plant waste materials. Phytochemical profiles were...
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2025-05-01
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| author | Martyna Zagórska-Dziok Aleksandra Ziemlewska Magdalena Wójciak Ireneusz Sowa Ewa Wąsik-Szczepanek Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska |
| author_facet | Martyna Zagórska-Dziok Aleksandra Ziemlewska Magdalena Wójciak Ireneusz Sowa Ewa Wąsik-Szczepanek Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska |
| author_sort | Martyna Zagórska-Dziok |
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| description | This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the biological properties of aqueous and aqueous–ethanolic leaf extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i>, which are plant waste materials. Phytochemical profiles were analyzed using HPLC, and antioxidant potential was assessed via DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. Extracts showed concentration-, plant-, and extract type-dependent radical scavenging effects exceeding 80%, significant Fe<sup>3+</sup> ion reduction, and up to 40% enhancement of SOD activity. In vitro studies on HDF and HaCaT cells revealed reduced intracellular ROS levels, indicating antioxidant potential. Cytotoxicity assays (Alamar Blue, Neutral Red) demonstrated increased skin cell viability by up to 35% at ≤50 or 125 µg/mL, while higher doses reduced viability by up to 70%, depending on the extract. Antibacterial activity varied among plant species and was effective against seven bacterial strains. ELISA assays showed anti-inflammatory effects, with IL-1β and IL-6 levels reduced by 48% and 40%, respectively, and IL-10 increased by up to 27%. These findings suggest that the tested leaf extracts support both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms and may be valuable as functional ingredients in dermatological or cosmetic applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df33e7a64b1d4704a2f9da2a6a99a3ba |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-df33e7a64b1d4704a2f9da2a6a99a3ba2025-08-20T01:56:41ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-05-013010208510.3390/molecules30102085Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> LeavesMartyna Zagórska-Dziok0Aleksandra Ziemlewska1Magdalena Wójciak2Ireneusz Sowa3Ewa Wąsik-Szczepanek4Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska5Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, PolandDepartment of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, PolandChair and Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, PolandDepartment of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, PolandThis study presents a comprehensive evaluation of the biological properties of aqueous and aqueous–ethanolic leaf extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i>, which are plant waste materials. Phytochemical profiles were analyzed using HPLC, and antioxidant potential was assessed via DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity assays. Extracts showed concentration-, plant-, and extract type-dependent radical scavenging effects exceeding 80%, significant Fe<sup>3+</sup> ion reduction, and up to 40% enhancement of SOD activity. In vitro studies on HDF and HaCaT cells revealed reduced intracellular ROS levels, indicating antioxidant potential. Cytotoxicity assays (Alamar Blue, Neutral Red) demonstrated increased skin cell viability by up to 35% at ≤50 or 125 µg/mL, while higher doses reduced viability by up to 70%, depending on the extract. Antibacterial activity varied among plant species and was effective against seven bacterial strains. ELISA assays showed anti-inflammatory effects, with IL-1β and IL-6 levels reduced by 48% and 40%, respectively, and IL-10 increased by up to 27%. These findings suggest that the tested leaf extracts support both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms and may be valuable as functional ingredients in dermatological or cosmetic applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2085<i>Malus domestica</i><i>Prunus armeniaca</i><i>Prunus cerasus</i>skin cellsantioxidantsantibacterial activity |
| spellingShingle | Martyna Zagórska-Dziok Aleksandra Ziemlewska Magdalena Wójciak Ireneusz Sowa Ewa Wąsik-Szczepanek Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves Molecules <i>Malus domestica</i> <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> <i>Prunus cerasus</i> skin cells antioxidants antibacterial activity |
| title | Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves |
| title_full | Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves |
| title_fullStr | Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves |
| title_short | Comparison of Cytotoxicity and Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts from <i>Malus domestica</i>, <i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, and <i>Prunus cerasus</i> Leaves |
| title_sort | comparison of cytotoxicity and antioxidant antibacterial and anti inflammatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts from i malus domestica i i prunus armeniaca i and i prunus cerasus i leaves |
| topic | <i>Malus domestica</i> <i>Prunus armeniaca</i> <i>Prunus cerasus</i> skin cells antioxidants antibacterial activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/10/2085 |
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