A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms
Abstract Extratropical storms dominate midlatitude climate and weather and are known to grow baroclinically and decay barotropically. Traditionally, quantitative climatic measures of storm activity have been mostly based on Eulerian measures, taking into account the mean state of the atmosphere and...
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Wiley
2025-06-01
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| Series: | AGU Advances |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001555 |
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| author | Or Hadas Yohai Kaspi |
| author_facet | Or Hadas Yohai Kaspi |
| author_sort | Or Hadas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Extratropical storms dominate midlatitude climate and weather and are known to grow baroclinically and decay barotropically. Traditionally, quantitative climatic measures of storm activity have been mostly based on Eulerian measures, taking into account the mean state of the atmosphere and how those affect Eulerian eddy activity, but they do not consider the Lagrangian growth of the storms themselves. Here, using ERA‐5 reanalysis data and tracking all extratropical storms (cyclones and anticyclones) from 83 years of data, we examine the actual growth of the storms and compare it to the Eulerian characteristics of the background state as the storms develop. In the limit of weak baroclinicity, we find that baroclinicity provides a good measure for storm maximum intensity. However, this monotonic relationship breaks for high baroclinicity levels. We show that although the actual growth rate of individual storms monotonically increases with baroclinicity, the reduction in maximum intensity at high baroclinicity is caused by a decrease in storm growth time. Based on the Lagrangian analysis, we suggest a nonlinear correction to the traditional linear connection between baroclinicity and storms' activity. Then, we show that a simplified model of storm growth, incorporating the baroclinicity effect on the vertical tilt of anomalies, reproduces the observed nonlinear relationship. Expanding the analysis to include the mean flow's barotropic properties highlights their marginal effect on storm growth rate, but the crucial impact on growth time. Our results emphasize the potential of Lagrangianly studying storm dynamics to advance understanding of the midlatitude climate. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-df0b6c49b48049579fc7301a00f9e05c |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2576-604X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | AGU Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-df0b6c49b48049579fc7301a00f9e05c2025-08-20T03:29:52ZengWileyAGU Advances2576-604X2025-06-0163n/an/a10.1029/2024AV001555A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude StormsOr Hadas0Yohai Kaspi1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot IsraelDepartment of Earth and Planetary Sciences Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot IsraelAbstract Extratropical storms dominate midlatitude climate and weather and are known to grow baroclinically and decay barotropically. Traditionally, quantitative climatic measures of storm activity have been mostly based on Eulerian measures, taking into account the mean state of the atmosphere and how those affect Eulerian eddy activity, but they do not consider the Lagrangian growth of the storms themselves. Here, using ERA‐5 reanalysis data and tracking all extratropical storms (cyclones and anticyclones) from 83 years of data, we examine the actual growth of the storms and compare it to the Eulerian characteristics of the background state as the storms develop. In the limit of weak baroclinicity, we find that baroclinicity provides a good measure for storm maximum intensity. However, this monotonic relationship breaks for high baroclinicity levels. We show that although the actual growth rate of individual storms monotonically increases with baroclinicity, the reduction in maximum intensity at high baroclinicity is caused by a decrease in storm growth time. Based on the Lagrangian analysis, we suggest a nonlinear correction to the traditional linear connection between baroclinicity and storms' activity. Then, we show that a simplified model of storm growth, incorporating the baroclinicity effect on the vertical tilt of anomalies, reproduces the observed nonlinear relationship. Expanding the analysis to include the mean flow's barotropic properties highlights their marginal effect on storm growth rate, but the crucial impact on growth time. Our results emphasize the potential of Lagrangianly studying storm dynamics to advance understanding of the midlatitude climate.https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001555midlatitude climatestorm tracksbaroclinic instabilitystorms growthmidlatitude cyclonesbig data |
| spellingShingle | Or Hadas Yohai Kaspi A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms AGU Advances midlatitude climate storm tracks baroclinic instability storms growth midlatitude cyclones big data |
| title | A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms |
| title_full | A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms |
| title_fullStr | A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms |
| title_short | A Lagrangian Perspective on the Growth of Midlatitude Storms |
| title_sort | lagrangian perspective on the growth of midlatitude storms |
| topic | midlatitude climate storm tracks baroclinic instability storms growth midlatitude cyclones big data |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001555 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT orhadas alagrangianperspectiveonthegrowthofmidlatitudestorms AT yohaikaspi alagrangianperspectiveonthegrowthofmidlatitudestorms AT orhadas lagrangianperspectiveonthegrowthofmidlatitudestorms AT yohaikaspi lagrangianperspectiveonthegrowthofmidlatitudestorms |