The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages

Abstract Unfocused corrective feedback is pivotal in second language (L2) writing instruction, yet its differential impacts on various linguistic elements remain underexplored in existing literature. The present study investigated the effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback versus no correcti...

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Main Authors: Chian-Wen Kao, Barry Lee Reynolds, Xiaofang Zhang, Michael Ping Wong
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer Nature 2025-07-01
Series:Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05126-x
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author Chian-Wen Kao
Barry Lee Reynolds
Xiaofang Zhang
Michael Ping Wong
author_facet Chian-Wen Kao
Barry Lee Reynolds
Xiaofang Zhang
Michael Ping Wong
author_sort Chian-Wen Kao
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Unfocused corrective feedback is pivotal in second language (L2) writing instruction, yet its differential impacts on various linguistic elements remain underexplored in existing literature. The present study investigated the effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback versus no corrective feedback in enhancing English article, prepositional, and verb tense accuracy among L2 student writers. Conducted over an 18-week period with 57 participants, the research employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design to evaluate the impacts of these feedback types on linguistic accuracy. Participants were divided into two groups: a group that received only content feedback, and an experimental group that received both content feedback and unfocused corrective feedback. The findings indicate that unfocused corrective feedback effectively improved the accuracy of English articles, with notable gains observed in the delayed posttests. However, the effects on prepositional and verb tense accuracy were less pronounced, suggesting that more targeted feedback strategies may be necessary for these error types. The results highlight the utility of unfocused corrective feedback in writing instruction, emphasizing its role in enhancing grammatical accuracy, particularly in articles. This underscores the need for incorporating diverse feedback mechanisms to address varied linguistic challenges in L2 writing contexts.
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spelling doaj-art-deefb18ae8434ebca916f88a6f23564e2025-08-20T03:42:40ZengSpringer NatureHumanities & Social Sciences Communications2662-99922025-07-0112111110.1057/s41599-025-05126-xThe effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usagesChian-Wen Kao0Barry Lee Reynolds1Xiaofang Zhang2Michael Ping Wong3International Language and Culture Center, Yuan Ze UniversityFaculty of Education, University of MacauFaculty of Education, University of MacauLinguistics and Language Development Department, San Jose State UniversityAbstract Unfocused corrective feedback is pivotal in second language (L2) writing instruction, yet its differential impacts on various linguistic elements remain underexplored in existing literature. The present study investigated the effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback versus no corrective feedback in enhancing English article, prepositional, and verb tense accuracy among L2 student writers. Conducted over an 18-week period with 57 participants, the research employed a pretest-posttest-delayed posttest design to evaluate the impacts of these feedback types on linguistic accuracy. Participants were divided into two groups: a group that received only content feedback, and an experimental group that received both content feedback and unfocused corrective feedback. The findings indicate that unfocused corrective feedback effectively improved the accuracy of English articles, with notable gains observed in the delayed posttests. However, the effects on prepositional and verb tense accuracy were less pronounced, suggesting that more targeted feedback strategies may be necessary for these error types. The results highlight the utility of unfocused corrective feedback in writing instruction, emphasizing its role in enhancing grammatical accuracy, particularly in articles. This underscores the need for incorporating diverse feedback mechanisms to address varied linguistic challenges in L2 writing contexts.https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05126-x
spellingShingle Chian-Wen Kao
Barry Lee Reynolds
Xiaofang Zhang
Michael Ping Wong
The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
title The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
title_full The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
title_fullStr The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
title_full_unstemmed The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
title_short The effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers’ acquisition of English article, prepositional and verb tense usages
title_sort effectiveness of unfocused corrective feedback on second language student writers acquisition of english article prepositional and verb tense usages
url https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05126-x
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