Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling
Abstract The new reporting scheme adopted by the European Union focuses on the efficiency assessment of data centers based on key performance indicators (KPIs). This has the potential to lead to further measures for improving energy efficiency of data centers. Consequently, a systematic approach is...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Nature Portfolio
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Scientific Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11048-0 |
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| author | Onur Muhammed Sarikaya Mustafa Kuzay Ender Demirel Simon Pommerencke Melgaard Jesper Ellerbaek Nielsen Rasmus Lund Jensen Ariel Oleksiak Wojciech Szeliga |
| author_facet | Onur Muhammed Sarikaya Mustafa Kuzay Ender Demirel Simon Pommerencke Melgaard Jesper Ellerbaek Nielsen Rasmus Lund Jensen Ariel Oleksiak Wojciech Szeliga |
| author_sort | Onur Muhammed Sarikaya |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract The new reporting scheme adopted by the European Union focuses on the efficiency assessment of data centers based on key performance indicators (KPIs). This has the potential to lead to further measures for improving energy efficiency of data centers. Consequently, a systematic approach is crucial for assessing and improving data center performance. This study investigates efficiency assessment of two European pilot data centers, located in Denmark and Poland, according to the KPIs calculated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow and thermal structures. Two separate experimental approaches were adopted at the pilot sites. One measured airflow and temperatures using external sensors at server inlets and outlets, while the other measured inlet temperatures from embedded server sensors. The good agreement observed between simulated and experimental data confirmed the accuracy of the computational model. The validated CFD model was applied to investigate efficiency improvement opportunities by retrofitting the thermal environment such as rack positioning, containment implementation, and guided airflow control. A series of numerical simulations are performed using the validated numerical model and KPIs are calculated for each design. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the efficiency of an existing data center can be enhanced by up to 75% using the presented approach, although the improvement varied significantly with the specific KPIs. The computational approach proposed here can be readily generalized to guide the efficiency assessment and improvement of existing data centers. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dee02ca5526e4b64af6f34215a74a09e |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2045-2322 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Nature Portfolio |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Scientific Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-dee02ca5526e4b64af6f34215a74a09e2025-08-20T03:42:29ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-07-0115111710.1038/s41598-025-11048-0Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modelingOnur Muhammed Sarikaya0Mustafa Kuzay1Ender Demirel2Simon Pommerencke Melgaard3Jesper Ellerbaek Nielsen4Rasmus Lund Jensen5Ariel Oleksiak6Wojciech Szeliga7Design and Simulation Tech. IncDesign and Simulation Tech. IncDesign and Simulation Tech. IncDepartment of The Built Environment, Aalborg UniversityDepartment of The Built Environment, Aalborg UniversityDepartment of The Built Environment, Aalborg UniversityPoznan Supercomputing and Networking CenterPoznan Supercomputing and Networking CenterAbstract The new reporting scheme adopted by the European Union focuses on the efficiency assessment of data centers based on key performance indicators (KPIs). This has the potential to lead to further measures for improving energy efficiency of data centers. Consequently, a systematic approach is crucial for assessing and improving data center performance. This study investigates efficiency assessment of two European pilot data centers, located in Denmark and Poland, according to the KPIs calculated through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of airflow and thermal structures. Two separate experimental approaches were adopted at the pilot sites. One measured airflow and temperatures using external sensors at server inlets and outlets, while the other measured inlet temperatures from embedded server sensors. The good agreement observed between simulated and experimental data confirmed the accuracy of the computational model. The validated CFD model was applied to investigate efficiency improvement opportunities by retrofitting the thermal environment such as rack positioning, containment implementation, and guided airflow control. A series of numerical simulations are performed using the validated numerical model and KPIs are calculated for each design. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the efficiency of an existing data center can be enhanced by up to 75% using the presented approach, although the improvement varied significantly with the specific KPIs. The computational approach proposed here can be readily generalized to guide the efficiency assessment and improvement of existing data centers.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11048-0Data centerKPIEfficiency assessmentCFDEnergy efficiency directive |
| spellingShingle | Onur Muhammed Sarikaya Mustafa Kuzay Ender Demirel Simon Pommerencke Melgaard Jesper Ellerbaek Nielsen Rasmus Lund Jensen Ariel Oleksiak Wojciech Szeliga Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling Scientific Reports Data center KPI Efficiency assessment CFD Energy efficiency directive |
| title | Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling |
| title_full | Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling |
| title_fullStr | Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling |
| title_full_unstemmed | Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling |
| title_short | Energy efficiency enhancement in two European data centers through CFD modeling |
| title_sort | energy efficiency enhancement in two european data centers through cfd modeling |
| topic | Data center KPI Efficiency assessment CFD Energy efficiency directive |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11048-0 |
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