Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics
Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) are two leafy greens in the family Brassicaceae. The leaves are rich sources of numerous health-beneficial compounds and are commonly used either fresh or cooked. This study aimed to optimize the nutrient man...
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2024-11-01
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| author | Teng Yang Uttara Samarakoon James Altland Peter Ling |
| author_facet | Teng Yang Uttara Samarakoon James Altland Peter Ling |
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| description | Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) are two leafy greens in the family Brassicaceae. The leaves are rich sources of numerous health-beneficial compounds and are commonly used either fresh or cooked. This study aimed to optimize the nutrient management of kale and collard in hydroponic production for greater yield and crop quality. ‘Red Russian’ kale and ‘Flash F1’ collard were grown for 4 weeks after transplanting in a double polyethylene-plastic-covered greenhouse using a nutrient film technique (NFT) system with 18 channels. Kale and collard were alternately grown in each channel at four different electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>). Fresh and dry yields of kale increased linearly with increasing EC levels, while those of collard did not increase when EC was higher than 1.8 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>. Kale leaves had significantly higher P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B than the collard at all EC levels. Additionally, mineral nutrients (except N and Zn) in leaf tissue were highest at EC 1.5 and EC 1.8 in both the kale and collard. However, the changing trend of the total N and NO3- of the leaves showed a linear trend; these levels were highest under EC 2.1, followed by EC 1.8 and EC 1.5. EC levels also affected phytochemical accumulation in leaf tissue. In general, the kale leaves had significantly higher total anthocyanin, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates but lower total chlorophylls and carotenoids than the collard. In addition, although EC levels affected neither the total chlorophyll or carotenoid content in kale nor glucosinolate content in either kale or collard, other important health-beneficial compounds (especially vitamin C, anthocyanin, and phenolic compounds) in kale and collard leaves reduced with the increasing EC levels. In conclusion, the kale leaf had more nutritional and phytochemical compounds than the collard. An EC level of 1.8 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup> was the optimum EC level for the collard, while the kale yielded more at 2.1 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>. Further investigations are needed to optimize nitrogen nutrition for hydroponically grown kale. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
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| publishDate | 2024-11-01 |
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| spelling | doaj-art-de77187f04fd48d7a7573bd4b43e05922025-08-20T02:08:11ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952024-11-011411270410.3390/agronomy14112704Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using HydroponicsTeng Yang0Uttara Samarakoon1James Altland2Peter Ling3Agricultural Technical Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USAAgricultural Technical Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USAUnited States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Wooster, OH 44691, USADepartment of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USAKale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) are two leafy greens in the family Brassicaceae. The leaves are rich sources of numerous health-beneficial compounds and are commonly used either fresh or cooked. This study aimed to optimize the nutrient management of kale and collard in hydroponic production for greater yield and crop quality. ‘Red Russian’ kale and ‘Flash F1’ collard were grown for 4 weeks after transplanting in a double polyethylene-plastic-covered greenhouse using a nutrient film technique (NFT) system with 18 channels. Kale and collard were alternately grown in each channel at four different electrical conductivity (EC) levels (1.2, 1.5, 1.8, and 2.1 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>). Fresh and dry yields of kale increased linearly with increasing EC levels, while those of collard did not increase when EC was higher than 1.8 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>. Kale leaves had significantly higher P, K, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B than the collard at all EC levels. Additionally, mineral nutrients (except N and Zn) in leaf tissue were highest at EC 1.5 and EC 1.8 in both the kale and collard. However, the changing trend of the total N and NO3- of the leaves showed a linear trend; these levels were highest under EC 2.1, followed by EC 1.8 and EC 1.5. EC levels also affected phytochemical accumulation in leaf tissue. In general, the kale leaves had significantly higher total anthocyanin, vitamin C, phenolic compounds, and glucosinolates but lower total chlorophylls and carotenoids than the collard. In addition, although EC levels affected neither the total chlorophyll or carotenoid content in kale nor glucosinolate content in either kale or collard, other important health-beneficial compounds (especially vitamin C, anthocyanin, and phenolic compounds) in kale and collard leaves reduced with the increasing EC levels. In conclusion, the kale leaf had more nutritional and phytochemical compounds than the collard. An EC level of 1.8 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup> was the optimum EC level for the collard, while the kale yielded more at 2.1 mS·cm<sup>−1</sup>. Further investigations are needed to optimize nitrogen nutrition for hydroponically grown kale.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2704<i>Brassicaceae</i>electrical conductivityhydroponicsmineral uptaketotal chlorophylltotal carotenoid |
| spellingShingle | Teng Yang Uttara Samarakoon James Altland Peter Ling Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics Agronomy <i>Brassicaceae</i> electrical conductivity hydroponics mineral uptake total chlorophyll total carotenoid |
| title | Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics |
| title_full | Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics |
| title_short | Influence of Electrical Conductivity on Plant Growth, Nutritional Quality, and Phytochemical Properties of Kale (<i>Brassica napus</i>) and Collard (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) Grown Using Hydroponics |
| title_sort | influence of electrical conductivity on plant growth nutritional quality and phytochemical properties of kale i brassica napus i and collard i brassica oleracea i grown using hydroponics |
| topic | <i>Brassicaceae</i> electrical conductivity hydroponics mineral uptake total chlorophyll total carotenoid |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/14/11/2704 |
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