Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all living cells and are present in all body fluids. EVs are heterogeneous in size, biogenesis, molecular/genetic content and functions. They constitute a part of the intercellular communication system. Among them, a subset of small EVs (sEVs) (30–150 nm)...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMJ Publishing Group
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| Online Access: | https://jitc.bmj.com/content/13/1/e010376.full |
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| author | Theresa L Whiteside |
| author_facet | Theresa L Whiteside |
| author_sort | Theresa L Whiteside |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all living cells and are present in all body fluids. EVs are heterogeneous in size, biogenesis, molecular/genetic content and functions. They constitute a part of the intercellular communication system. Among them, a subset of small EVs (sEVs) (30–150 nm) originating in the tumor cell endosomes and often referred to as “tumor cell-derived exosomes” have been of special interest. Tumors have adapted sEV they produce to promoting their own survival. Plasma of patients with cancer contains variably elevated numbers of tumor-derived sEV called “TEX,” which differ from circulating sEV produced by non-malignant cells by the immunosuppressive phenotype and the molecular/genetic content. Immunosuppressive molecular profiles and abilities to signal, enter and functionally reprogram a variety of recipient cells enable TEX to exert pro-tumor effects that promote tumor resistance to immunotherapy. This review describes phenotypic and functional attributes of TEX that underline their reprogramming capabilities. It also considers mechanisms responsible for TEX pro-tumor activities and the potential significance of TEX signaling for responses of patients with cancer to immune therapies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-de69e57c9662404dbdac99647faf55f3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2051-1426 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| spelling | doaj-art-de69e57c9662404dbdac99647faf55f32025-02-10T15:40:14ZengBMJ Publishing GroupJournal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer2051-14262025-01-0113110.1136/jitc-2024-010376Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancerTheresa L Whiteside0Aff1 grid.21925.3d0000000419369000University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USAExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are produced by all living cells and are present in all body fluids. EVs are heterogeneous in size, biogenesis, molecular/genetic content and functions. They constitute a part of the intercellular communication system. Among them, a subset of small EVs (sEVs) (30–150 nm) originating in the tumor cell endosomes and often referred to as “tumor cell-derived exosomes” have been of special interest. Tumors have adapted sEV they produce to promoting their own survival. Plasma of patients with cancer contains variably elevated numbers of tumor-derived sEV called “TEX,” which differ from circulating sEV produced by non-malignant cells by the immunosuppressive phenotype and the molecular/genetic content. Immunosuppressive molecular profiles and abilities to signal, enter and functionally reprogram a variety of recipient cells enable TEX to exert pro-tumor effects that promote tumor resistance to immunotherapy. This review describes phenotypic and functional attributes of TEX that underline their reprogramming capabilities. It also considers mechanisms responsible for TEX pro-tumor activities and the potential significance of TEX signaling for responses of patients with cancer to immune therapies.https://jitc.bmj.com/content/13/1/e010376.full |
| spellingShingle | Theresa L Whiteside Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| title | Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| title_full | Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| title_fullStr | Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| title_short | Biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor-derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| title_sort | biology of extracellular vesicles and the potential of tumor derived vesicles for subverting immunotherapy of cancer |
| url | https://jitc.bmj.com/content/13/1/e010376.full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT theresalwhiteside biologyofextracellularvesiclesandthepotentialoftumorderivedvesiclesforsubvertingimmunotherapyofcancer |