Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure

Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular health concern. In addition to metabolic and behavioral risks, diesel particulate matter (DPM), with a widely exposed population, is an important external environmental risk factor for IHD. However, the effect biomarkers used...

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Main Authors: Ze Zhang, Gan Miao, Juan Ma, Ziyuan Li, Chuer Zheng, Jian Ding, Hao Yin, Xiangcheng Cui, Shoujie Dai, Rifat Zubair Ahmed, Yong Niu, Shanfa Yu, Xiaoting Jin, Yuxin Zheng
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Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Medicine
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04212-w
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author Ze Zhang
Gan Miao
Juan Ma
Ziyuan Li
Chuer Zheng
Jian Ding
Hao Yin
Xiangcheng Cui
Shoujie Dai
Rifat Zubair Ahmed
Yong Niu
Shanfa Yu
Xiaoting Jin
Yuxin Zheng
author_facet Ze Zhang
Gan Miao
Juan Ma
Ziyuan Li
Chuer Zheng
Jian Ding
Hao Yin
Xiangcheng Cui
Shoujie Dai
Rifat Zubair Ahmed
Yong Niu
Shanfa Yu
Xiaoting Jin
Yuxin Zheng
author_sort Ze Zhang
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular health concern. In addition to metabolic and behavioral risks, diesel particulate matter (DPM), with a widely exposed population, is an important external environmental risk factor for IHD. However, the effect biomarkers used to diagnose DPM-caused IHD and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the biomarkers and underlying mechanisms of DPM in relation to myocardial hypoxia injury. Methods This study applied a unique population of diesel engine testers with stable DPM exposure. Electrocardiogram examination, echocardiogram examination, serum levels of myocardial enzymes, and 6-min walking test were used for the myocardial risks assessment. A mouse model exposed to occupational environmental DPM dose and in vitro models of DPM-induced myocardial hypoxia injury were used for assessment of mitochondrial aerobic metabolism via the oxygraph-2k system, western blotting, and kits. Ion fluorescence probes, ion supplements, and mitochondrial RNA splicing protein 2 (Mrs2) overexpression transfection were used in further investigations and verifications of the mechanism of mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency. Results We identified compromised myocardial mitochondrial aerobic metabolism as a precursor biomarker for the cardiac risk of myocardial hypertrophy and hypoxia injury in DPM exposure. DPM induce mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency of cardiomyocytes, which in turn disrupt the mitochondrial aerobic metabolism processes, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis. Mg2+ deficiency is mediated by the disruption of Mg2+ transport proteins, such as DPM-enhanced hyperubiquitination and degradation of Mrs2, a protein responsible for mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake. Conclusions Our findings show that compromised mitochondrial aerobic metabolism, associated with Mg2+ deficiency, serves as a critical biomarker for DPM-induced IHD and represents a promising investigative avenue for intervention. Graphical Abstract
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spelling doaj-art-ddd2291b3895442d8282985c81eacd5d2025-08-20T03:45:32ZengBMCBMC Medicine1741-70152025-07-0123112310.1186/s12916-025-04212-wDisability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposureZe Zhang0Gan Miao1Juan Ma2Ziyuan Li3Chuer Zheng4Jian Ding5Hao Yin6Xiangcheng Cui7Shoujie Dai8Rifat Zubair Ahmed9Yong Niu10Shanfa Yu11Xiaoting Jin12Yuxin Zheng13Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityState Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityPingdu Municipal Centers for Diseases Control and PreventionPingdu Municipal Centers for Diseases Control and PreventionDepartment of Genetics, University of KarachiKey Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison ControlDepartment of Public Health, Henan Medical CollegeDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityDepartment of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Qingdao UniversityAbstract Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a major cardiovascular health concern. In addition to metabolic and behavioral risks, diesel particulate matter (DPM), with a widely exposed population, is an important external environmental risk factor for IHD. However, the effect biomarkers used to diagnose DPM-caused IHD and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the biomarkers and underlying mechanisms of DPM in relation to myocardial hypoxia injury. Methods This study applied a unique population of diesel engine testers with stable DPM exposure. Electrocardiogram examination, echocardiogram examination, serum levels of myocardial enzymes, and 6-min walking test were used for the myocardial risks assessment. A mouse model exposed to occupational environmental DPM dose and in vitro models of DPM-induced myocardial hypoxia injury were used for assessment of mitochondrial aerobic metabolism via the oxygraph-2k system, western blotting, and kits. Ion fluorescence probes, ion supplements, and mitochondrial RNA splicing protein 2 (Mrs2) overexpression transfection were used in further investigations and verifications of the mechanism of mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency. Results We identified compromised myocardial mitochondrial aerobic metabolism as a precursor biomarker for the cardiac risk of myocardial hypertrophy and hypoxia injury in DPM exposure. DPM induce mitochondrial Mg2+ deficiency of cardiomyocytes, which in turn disrupt the mitochondrial aerobic metabolism processes, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP synthesis. Mg2+ deficiency is mediated by the disruption of Mg2+ transport proteins, such as DPM-enhanced hyperubiquitination and degradation of Mrs2, a protein responsible for mitochondrial Mg2+ uptake. Conclusions Our findings show that compromised mitochondrial aerobic metabolism, associated with Mg2+ deficiency, serves as a critical biomarker for DPM-induced IHD and represents a promising investigative avenue for intervention. Graphical Abstracthttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04212-wDiesel particulate matterIschemic heart diseaseMitochondrial aerobic metabolismMg2+ transport
spellingShingle Ze Zhang
Gan Miao
Juan Ma
Ziyuan Li
Chuer Zheng
Jian Ding
Hao Yin
Xiangcheng Cui
Shoujie Dai
Rifat Zubair Ahmed
Yong Niu
Shanfa Yu
Xiaoting Jin
Yuxin Zheng
Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
BMC Medicine
Diesel particulate matter
Ischemic heart disease
Mitochondrial aerobic metabolism
Mg2+ transport
title Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
title_full Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
title_fullStr Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
title_full_unstemmed Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
title_short Disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and Mg2+ transport: linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
title_sort disability in mitochondrial aerobic metabolism and mg2 transport linking biomarkers and mechanisms of ischemic heart disease to diesel particulate matter exposure
topic Diesel particulate matter
Ischemic heart disease
Mitochondrial aerobic metabolism
Mg2+ transport
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04212-w
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