Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics
Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regardin...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/6/571 |
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| author | Cláudia A. Rocha Luís M. Félix Sandra M. Monteiro Carlos Venâncio |
| author_facet | Cláudia A. Rocha Luís M. Félix Sandra M. Monteiro Carlos Venâncio |
| author_sort | Cláudia A. Rocha |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that could improve welfare, such as immersion-based analgesia. As one of the most widely used models in research, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) are often at the front of these concerns. This review aimed to consolidate the current knowledge on immersion analgesics by analyzing the behavioral responses of zebrafish exposed to noxious stimuli. Some promising immersion analgesics were identified; however, further research is needed to assess their effects on additional parameters and investigate potential adverse effects. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate analgesics, as their effectiveness may vary depending on the duration and severity of the stimulus. Moreover, this review highlights the critical role of consistent water quality monitoring and detailed parameter reporting, as these factors may influence analgesic efficacy and compromise fish welfare. As research advances, applying these insights beyond zebrafish to other fish species will be crucial for promoting higher welfare standards. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-ddcf6ef7dba14fc38482fba71a2aced0 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2306-7381 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-ddcf6ef7dba14fc38482fba71a2aced02025-08-20T02:21:52ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812025-06-0112657110.3390/vetsci12060571Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion AnalgesicsCláudia A. Rocha0Luís M. Félix1Sandra M. Monteiro2Carlos Venâncio3Centre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB, Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalCentre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB, Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalCentre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB, Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalCentre for the Research and Technology of Agroenvironmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB, Inov4Agro), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, PortugalGrowing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that could improve welfare, such as immersion-based analgesia. As one of the most widely used models in research, zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) are often at the front of these concerns. This review aimed to consolidate the current knowledge on immersion analgesics by analyzing the behavioral responses of zebrafish exposed to noxious stimuli. Some promising immersion analgesics were identified; however, further research is needed to assess their effects on additional parameters and investigate potential adverse effects. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate analgesics, as their effectiveness may vary depending on the duration and severity of the stimulus. Moreover, this review highlights the critical role of consistent water quality monitoring and detailed parameter reporting, as these factors may influence analgesic efficacy and compromise fish welfare. As research advances, applying these insights beyond zebrafish to other fish species will be crucial for promoting higher welfare standards.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/6/571analgesiabehaviorimmersionnociceptionpainzebrafish |
| spellingShingle | Cláudia A. Rocha Luís M. Félix Sandra M. Monteiro Carlos Venâncio Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics Veterinary Sciences analgesia behavior immersion nociception pain zebrafish |
| title | Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics |
| title_full | Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics |
| title_fullStr | Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics |
| title_full_unstemmed | Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics |
| title_short | Advancing Zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics |
| title_sort | advancing zebrafish i danio rerio i welfare using immersion analgesics |
| topic | analgesia behavior immersion nociception pain zebrafish |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/12/6/571 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT claudiaarocha advancingzebrafishidaniorerioiwelfareusingimmersionanalgesics AT luismfelix advancingzebrafishidaniorerioiwelfareusingimmersionanalgesics AT sandrammonteiro advancingzebrafishidaniorerioiwelfareusingimmersionanalgesics AT carlosvenancio advancingzebrafishidaniorerioiwelfareusingimmersionanalgesics |