Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study

ObjectivePrevious studies have indicated that visual-motor performance is affected by cultural variations. This study aimed to examine differences between the proportion of children with poor visual-motor integration (VMI) performance in published population norms with that in the sample population...

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Main Authors: Xin Tang, Xuan Xu, Cong Wang, Lijuan Ao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-03-01
Series:Frontiers in Pediatrics
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1531192/full
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author Xin Tang
Xuan Xu
Cong Wang
Lijuan Ao
author_facet Xin Tang
Xuan Xu
Cong Wang
Lijuan Ao
author_sort Xin Tang
collection DOAJ
description ObjectivePrevious studies have indicated that visual-motor performance is affected by cultural variations. This study aimed to examine differences between the proportion of children with poor visual-motor integration (VMI) performance in published population norms with that in the sample population of this study and to assess the predictive value of the visual perception(VP) and motor coordination(MC) scores in explaining VMI variance in Chinese preschoolers.MethodsA random sample of 421 children ageds 3.0–6.11 years (mean age, 4.51 ± 0.93) participated in this study. The Beery VMI, VP, and MC were administered in sequence by qualified raters.ResultsThe standard scores of VMI in all age groups of this study were significantly better than those in U.S. norms. Overall, 61 (14.5% of the total sample) and 6 (1.4% of the total sample) children did poorly in the VMI test using study population norms and published population norms, respectively. The proportion of children with poor VMI performance using published norms was significantly lower compared with that using study sample population norms (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that VP and MC were significantly related to the VMI (VP: β = 0.185, p < 0.001; MC: β = 0.400, p < 0.001) and 25.0% (F = 69.571, dF = 2, p < 0.001) variance of VMI could be explained by VP and MC.ConclusionOur findings support that the effects of culture should be considered when interpreting the results of Beery VMI using published norms, especially in poor performance diagnosis. Our findings further support that three tests should be assessed individually during the visual perception examination regardless of cultural context. Chinese preschooler–based norms need to be established in future investigations to determine the diagnostic value of the Beery VMI.
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spelling doaj-art-ddcc47e854d2435aa51077d046b9ef392025-08-20T03:01:19ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pediatrics2296-23602025-03-011310.3389/fped.2025.15311921531192Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional studyXin Tang0Xuan Xu1Cong Wang2Lijuan Ao3Physiotherapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaPhysiotherapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaOccupational Therapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaPhysiotherapy Department, School of Rehabilitation, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, ChinaObjectivePrevious studies have indicated that visual-motor performance is affected by cultural variations. This study aimed to examine differences between the proportion of children with poor visual-motor integration (VMI) performance in published population norms with that in the sample population of this study and to assess the predictive value of the visual perception(VP) and motor coordination(MC) scores in explaining VMI variance in Chinese preschoolers.MethodsA random sample of 421 children ageds 3.0–6.11 years (mean age, 4.51 ± 0.93) participated in this study. The Beery VMI, VP, and MC were administered in sequence by qualified raters.ResultsThe standard scores of VMI in all age groups of this study were significantly better than those in U.S. norms. Overall, 61 (14.5% of the total sample) and 6 (1.4% of the total sample) children did poorly in the VMI test using study population norms and published population norms, respectively. The proportion of children with poor VMI performance using published norms was significantly lower compared with that using study sample population norms (p < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that VP and MC were significantly related to the VMI (VP: β = 0.185, p < 0.001; MC: β = 0.400, p < 0.001) and 25.0% (F = 69.571, dF = 2, p < 0.001) variance of VMI could be explained by VP and MC.ConclusionOur findings support that the effects of culture should be considered when interpreting the results of Beery VMI using published norms, especially in poor performance diagnosis. Our findings further support that three tests should be assessed individually during the visual perception examination regardless of cultural context. Chinese preschooler–based norms need to be established in future investigations to determine the diagnostic value of the Beery VMI.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1531192/fullvisual-motor integrationvisual perceptionmotor coordinationculture variationChinese preschoolers
spellingShingle Xin Tang
Xuan Xu
Cong Wang
Lijuan Ao
Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
Frontiers in Pediatrics
visual-motor integration
visual perception
motor coordination
culture variation
Chinese preschoolers
title Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
title_full Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
title_fullStr Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
title_full_unstemmed Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
title_short Clinical value of Beery visual-motor integration and Beery VMI supplemental tests in Chinese preschoolers: a modified replication cross-sectional study
title_sort clinical value of beery visual motor integration and beery vmi supplemental tests in chinese preschoolers a modified replication cross sectional study
topic visual-motor integration
visual perception
motor coordination
culture variation
Chinese preschoolers
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2025.1531192/full
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