Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study
BackgroundAdherence to antiretroviral therapy is a critical component in achieving viral suppression in people living with HIV in addition to increasing overall quality of life. Several indirect methods have been used to measure adherence including the Simplified Medication A...
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| Language: | English |
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JMIR Publications
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Interactive Journal of Medical Research |
| Online Access: | https://www.i-jmr.org/2025/1/e59562 |
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| author | Luis Eduardo Del Moral Trinidad Luz Alicia González Hernández Jaime Federico Andrade Villanueva Pedro Martínez-Ayala Adriana Valle Rodríguez Vida Veronica Ruíz Herrera José Adán Vizcaíno Résendiz Melva Guadalupe Herrera Godina Sergio Dominguez-Lara |
| author_facet | Luis Eduardo Del Moral Trinidad Luz Alicia González Hernández Jaime Federico Andrade Villanueva Pedro Martínez-Ayala Adriana Valle Rodríguez Vida Veronica Ruíz Herrera José Adán Vizcaíno Résendiz Melva Guadalupe Herrera Godina Sergio Dominguez-Lara |
| author_sort | Luis Eduardo Del Moral Trinidad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description |
BackgroundAdherence to antiretroviral therapy is a critical component in achieving viral suppression in people living with HIV in addition to increasing overall quality of life. Several indirect methods have been used to measure adherence including the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ).
ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SMAQ in men living with HIV/AIDS attending a Mexican national hospital.
MethodsA cross-sectional analytical design study was carried out in a Mexican National Hospital in Jalisco, including men aged >18 years with at least 3 months of antiretroviral treatment, excluding those with cognitive difficulties in answering the survey. A minimum sample size was calculated to detect the contribution of the variables within the model. The analysis included descriptive tests, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity assessment, correlation between adherence and viral load, and association between viral load and adherence.
ResultsThe final analysis included a total of 260 patients with a mean age of 43 (SD 12) years and an average of 8.97 (SD 6.33) years on antiretroviral treatment. The SMAQ showed sufficient structural validity (comparative fit index=1, root-mean-square error of approximation=0, 90% CI 0-0.085) with satisfactory factor loadings on most questions except item 2 (Do you always take your medication at the prescribed time?). The reliability of the scale is acceptable (Cronbach α=0.702, ω=0.718). Adherence correlated with viral load significantly but not with recent TCD4 lymphocyte levels. Patients classified as adherent were three times more likely to be undetectable than nonadherent patients (odds ratio 3.31, 95% CI 1.13-9.64, P=.04).
ConclusionsThe SMAQ represents an adequate tool to assess adherence in men living with HIV in the Mexican context, this will contribute to this study and compression of adherence to establish future intervention programs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dd9c1bd9c696485fbfd4ef998ddd3997 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1929-073X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | JMIR Publications |
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| series | Interactive Journal of Medical Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-dd9c1bd9c696485fbfd4ef998ddd39972025-01-07T20:31:27ZengJMIR PublicationsInteractive Journal of Medical Research1929-073X2025-01-0114e5956210.2196/59562Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation StudyLuis Eduardo Del Moral Trinidadhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-2019Luz Alicia González Hernándezhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7163-0566Jaime Federico Andrade Villanuevahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1948-655XPedro Martínez-Ayalahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0505-6340Adriana Valle Rodríguezhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-1681-003XVida Veronica Ruíz Herrerahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3978-823XJosé Adán Vizcaíno Résendizhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5451-6537Melva Guadalupe Herrera Godinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8384-8055Sergio Dominguez-Larahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2083-4278 BackgroundAdherence to antiretroviral therapy is a critical component in achieving viral suppression in people living with HIV in addition to increasing overall quality of life. Several indirect methods have been used to measure adherence including the Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ). ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the reliability and validity of the SMAQ in men living with HIV/AIDS attending a Mexican national hospital. MethodsA cross-sectional analytical design study was carried out in a Mexican National Hospital in Jalisco, including men aged >18 years with at least 3 months of antiretroviral treatment, excluding those with cognitive difficulties in answering the survey. A minimum sample size was calculated to detect the contribution of the variables within the model. The analysis included descriptive tests, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity assessment, correlation between adherence and viral load, and association between viral load and adherence. ResultsThe final analysis included a total of 260 patients with a mean age of 43 (SD 12) years and an average of 8.97 (SD 6.33) years on antiretroviral treatment. The SMAQ showed sufficient structural validity (comparative fit index=1, root-mean-square error of approximation=0, 90% CI 0-0.085) with satisfactory factor loadings on most questions except item 2 (Do you always take your medication at the prescribed time?). The reliability of the scale is acceptable (Cronbach α=0.702, ω=0.718). Adherence correlated with viral load significantly but not with recent TCD4 lymphocyte levels. Patients classified as adherent were three times more likely to be undetectable than nonadherent patients (odds ratio 3.31, 95% CI 1.13-9.64, P=.04). ConclusionsThe SMAQ represents an adequate tool to assess adherence in men living with HIV in the Mexican context, this will contribute to this study and compression of adherence to establish future intervention programs.https://www.i-jmr.org/2025/1/e59562 |
| spellingShingle | Luis Eduardo Del Moral Trinidad Luz Alicia González Hernández Jaime Federico Andrade Villanueva Pedro Martínez-Ayala Adriana Valle Rodríguez Vida Veronica Ruíz Herrera José Adán Vizcaíno Résendiz Melva Guadalupe Herrera Godina Sergio Dominguez-Lara Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study Interactive Journal of Medical Research |
| title | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study |
| title_full | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study |
| title_fullStr | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study |
| title_short | Simplified Medication Adherence Questionnaire (SMAQ) for People Living With HIV in a National Hospital in Mexico: Instrument Validation Study |
| title_sort | simplified medication adherence questionnaire smaq for people living with hiv in a national hospital in mexico instrument validation study |
| url | https://www.i-jmr.org/2025/1/e59562 |
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