Scalable and durable module-sized artificial leaf with a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency over 10%

Abstract An artificial leaf mimicking the function of a natural leaf has recently attracted significant attention due to its minimal space requirement and low cost compared to wired photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic-electrochemical systems for solar hydrogen production. However, it remains a cha...

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Main Authors: Dharmesh Hansora, Rashmi Mehrotra, Eunseo Noh, Jin Wook Yoo, Minkyung Kim, Woo Jin Byun, Jaewang Park, Ji-Wook Jang, Sang Il Seok, Jae Sung Lee
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59597-2
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Summary:Abstract An artificial leaf mimicking the function of a natural leaf has recently attracted significant attention due to its minimal space requirement and low cost compared to wired photoelectrochemical and photovoltaic-electrochemical systems for solar hydrogen production. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a practical-size solar water-splitting device that can fulfill the criteria of a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency above 10%, long-term durability, and scalability. Here, we develop 1 cm2 perovskite-based photoelectrodes using a defect-less, chlorine-doped formamidinium lead triiodide as photo-absorber and ultraviolet-insensitive tin oxide as an electron transport layers. This device is encapsulated using electrocatalyst-deposited nickel foils, which demonstrates high photocurrent density and high stability for 140 h. Ultimately, we fabricate a scalable mini-module-sized artificial leaf (16 cm2) consisting of a side-by-side/parallel configuration of photoanode and photocathode architecture integrated with a 4 × 4 array of 1 cm2 photoelectrodes, which maintains a stable ‘module-level’ solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 11.2% in an unbiased solar water-splitting under 1-sun illumination.
ISSN:2041-1723