Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea
Given global issues such as large-scale deforestation and increasing habitat loss, promoting forest ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is essential for the successful implementation of global sustainable development. This study aims to quantify the four ecosystem service categories (i.e., provisioni...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Global Ecology and Conservation |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425002847 |
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| author | Min-Ki Lee Yong-Ju Lee Jung-Hwa Chun A-Reum Kim Chang-Bae Lee |
| author_facet | Min-Ki Lee Yong-Ju Lee Jung-Hwa Chun A-Reum Kim Chang-Bae Lee |
| author_sort | Min-Ki Lee |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Given global issues such as large-scale deforestation and increasing habitat loss, promoting forest ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is essential for the successful implementation of global sustainable development. This study aims to quantify the four ecosystem service categories (i.e., provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting) and the ability to comprehensively provide them, EMF, based on 18 ecosystem services-related variables. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of biotic (i.e., species diversity, functional dominance, stand structural diversity) and abiotic (i.e., topography, climate, and soil) factors, and stand age on EMF and each ecosystem service category. We collected data from 98 plots, each 20 × 20 m, across the seven major forest types of Mt. Gariwang, which is a representative temperate forest in South Korea. Multimodel averaging and piecewise structural equation modeling were used to identify key variables influencing EMF and ecosystem service categories and to assess their interrelationships. Our results show that higher plant species richness and older forest stands enhanced stand structural diversity, which directly and positively affected EMF. EMF is primarily driven by biotic factors, such as the community weighted mean of traits, rather than abiotic factors. The mechanisms influencing each ecosystem services differed. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that the relative contributions of the four ecosystem service categories to the EMF are similar, with supporting and regulating services categories showing significant negative and positive effects on EMF, respectively. These findings suggest that forest management should comprehensively consider stand age and structural diversity to enhance EMF and as well as individual ecosystem service category. Furthermore, management practices that promote functional traits, such as wood density and leaf nitrogen content, are essential for increasing EMF. Finally, the degree of control of ecosystem service categories over EMF varies across forest types, so a clear management plan must be developed for each forest type. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dd019337e5d44b958fed441b5e9b5943 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2351-9894 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Global Ecology and Conservation |
| spelling | doaj-art-dd019337e5d44b958fed441b5e9b59432025-08-20T03:24:06ZengElsevierGlobal Ecology and Conservation2351-98942025-09-0161e0368310.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03683Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South KoreaMin-Ki Lee0Yong-Ju Lee1Jung-Hwa Chun2A-Reum Kim3Chang-Bae Lee4Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Forest Carbon Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Climate Technology Convergence (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Major), Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Forest Carbon Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of KoreaForest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of KoreaForest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Department of Climate Technology Convergence (Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning Major), Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Forest Carbon Graduate School, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea; Correspondence to: Department of Forest Resources, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneungro, Seongbukgu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea.Given global issues such as large-scale deforestation and increasing habitat loss, promoting forest ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) is essential for the successful implementation of global sustainable development. This study aims to quantify the four ecosystem service categories (i.e., provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting) and the ability to comprehensively provide them, EMF, based on 18 ecosystem services-related variables. Additionally, we evaluated the influence of biotic (i.e., species diversity, functional dominance, stand structural diversity) and abiotic (i.e., topography, climate, and soil) factors, and stand age on EMF and each ecosystem service category. We collected data from 98 plots, each 20 × 20 m, across the seven major forest types of Mt. Gariwang, which is a representative temperate forest in South Korea. Multimodel averaging and piecewise structural equation modeling were used to identify key variables influencing EMF and ecosystem service categories and to assess their interrelationships. Our results show that higher plant species richness and older forest stands enhanced stand structural diversity, which directly and positively affected EMF. EMF is primarily driven by biotic factors, such as the community weighted mean of traits, rather than abiotic factors. The mechanisms influencing each ecosystem services differed. Variance partitioning analysis revealed that the relative contributions of the four ecosystem service categories to the EMF are similar, with supporting and regulating services categories showing significant negative and positive effects on EMF, respectively. These findings suggest that forest management should comprehensively consider stand age and structural diversity to enhance EMF and as well as individual ecosystem service category. Furthermore, management practices that promote functional traits, such as wood density and leaf nitrogen content, are essential for increasing EMF. Finally, the degree of control of ecosystem service categories over EMF varies across forest types, so a clear management plan must be developed for each forest type.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425002847Biotic and abiotic driversEcosystem multifunctionalityEcosystem servicesForest typeStand age |
| spellingShingle | Min-Ki Lee Yong-Ju Lee Jung-Hwa Chun A-Reum Kim Chang-Bae Lee Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea Global Ecology and Conservation Biotic and abiotic drivers Ecosystem multifunctionality Ecosystem services Forest type Stand age |
| title | Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea |
| title_full | Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea |
| title_fullStr | Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea |
| title_short | Ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co-regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of South Korea |
| title_sort | ecosystem services and multifunctionality are co regulated by biotic and abiotic factors along with forest types in a temperate forest of south korea |
| topic | Biotic and abiotic drivers Ecosystem multifunctionality Ecosystem services Forest type Stand age |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989425002847 |
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